Name: 1 - 4 Evolutionary Psychology and the First Two Noble Truths (sub: eng/rus) / 1-4 Эволюционная ..
Uploaded: 2023-01-22T08:05:52.000Z
Duration: 21 min 14 s
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So we've just seen that according to the 2nd

Noble Truth, the source of Dukkha, the source of

suffering and unsatisfactoriness is our craving, our attempt to

hang on to things that don't last including pleasure

and I used powdered sugar donuts as my own personal example of that.

The Buddha, as we saw, said that our failure to kind of grasp

this dynamic, was just another example of our failing to see the world clearly.

Now in this segment of lecture one, we're going to drill down a little

into the biological mechanics of craving, And of the evaporation of p, of pleasure.

And we're going to ask why it is that if the Buddha was right, why it is that we do

fail to get the picture about pleasure and how fleeting it is.

[SOUND] Now in Buddhist writing when, when the Buddha.

Talks about our failure to see things clearly.

He often uses a word that is typically translated as, delusion.

But I want to emphasize that sometimes that

word is a little bit of an overstatement.

powdered sugar doughnuts, you know, There's no point

where I'm you know, thinking that there are

foreign agents conspiring to assassinate me or anything.

actually think the pleasure's going to last forever.

it's going to last for 10 minutes, I'd probably say no.

But at the same time, as I look forward to eating those donuts, I'm thinking

a lot more about the pleasure then about the evaporation of the

pleasure and I'm certainly not thinking about you know, well maybe the sugar

rush will subside and then [UNKNOWN] I'm just focused on that moment of pleasure.

Now in other cases something more like delusion may actually happen.

If you've ever had a serious crush on someone, you, you may

recall that you know, you had a pretty distorted view of things.

You, you had a lot of trouble seeing any blemishes or deficiencies in the person.

And there was this idea that wow, should you ever be so lucky as

that person, everything would be better probably eternally.

And you know, relationships needless to say are

in fact you know, more complicated than that.

And so, too, with a, with say, a job you really want.

You're, you know, if you really want that thing, you're looking

forward to it, thinking about all the great things it's going to bring.

You're not thinking about the hassles that all jobs bring.

could just get this job, then you could relax.

But of course, you haven't really arrived, you know, the

gratification is not going to last forever, it never lasts forever.

Now if you want to look at parts of the brain that are relevant to

the failure of gratification to last forever,

one obvious candidate would be the neurotransmitter dopamine.

If you read much in the popular science press, you've

probably read about dopamine as the pleasure chemical, the reward chemical.

The true story is actually a lot more complicated than that.

The effects dopamine has depend on the part of the

brain you're in, which neurons are involved, which receptors are involved.

There's also the question of does dopamine actually

cause pleasure, or is it just correlated with pleasure.

The for our purposes the, the mere correlation is pretty much

enough, the fact that dopamine seems to be correlated with pleasure.

so, we're going to look at a little data from a study in which they monitored

very precisely the neurons in monkeys that are

involved with the release of dopamine and are in a part of

the brain where dopamine seems to be correlated with pleasure and reward.

fruit juice To a monkey and here's what happened.

If you want to ask, how long does that last?

How, how long are we talking about along that horizontal axis?

Well, that's about a third of a second of dopemine spike.

So, assuming that in this monkey dopamine is correlated with pleasure.

You know that's, that's pretty brief pleasure.

You know if monkeys could talk he might have said

this particular monkey might have said wow that was impermanent.

Maybe the monkey condition is very much like the

human condition and pleasure just tends to evaporate pretty rapidly.

And if that is the case then that's all the more reason to look at natural

selection as a possible explanation for why pleasure does evaporate.

You know, if, if monkeys and humans are exhibiting some of the same dynamics.

[SOUND] so the question is, why does natural selection

build brains like this, where pleasure is so fleeting?

Why not just leave that dopamine spigot on?

You could, you know, you could keep dishing

out dopamine for 10 seconds, 20 seconds, in principle.

And, and, and why do we seem, you know, not to really get the picture in our

everyday lives about how rapidly the pleasure is going to dissipate.

Why did natural selection design our brains like this?

Now, as I've said before, whenever I say something

is designed by natural selection, designed should be in quotes.

Natural selection is not a conscious designer, still it does

create animals that look as if they were designed by

a pretty smart designer with one thing in mind, to

get them to get their genes into the next generation.

So it is a fair thing to do, as a kind of thought experiment, to put ourselves in

the shoes of natural selection and ask If we

were designing organisms, how would we design their brains?

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1 - 4 Evolutionary Psychology and the First Two Noble Truths (sub: eng/rus) / 1-4 Эволюционная ..

experience

crave

dopamine

extreme