Name: How To Terraform Mars - WITH LASERS
Uploaded: 2022-12-14T16:45:39.000Z
Duration: 11 min 28 s

様態の副詞

Mars is a disappointing hellhole lacking  practically everything we need to stay  

火星は何もない 地獄のような場所で

alive. It looks like we'll only ever have small  crews spend a miserable time hidden underground.  

もし滞在すれば 悲惨な目に遭うかもしれない

Except, we could terraform it into a green  new world. But to solve the planet's problems,  

we first need to make it worse and turn it  into oceans of lava with gigantic lasers.

そのためには まず巨大レーザーで

This isn't a far-fetched science fiction tale.  Terraforming Mars is possible, on the kind of  

time scale our ancestors built great monuments  in. If humanity solves some of its pressing  

problems and ventures into space to expand into  the solar system, this may not be that far off.

長期的視点にたてば 火星の地球化は可能だ

Ok. So how do we terraform Mars  quickly? Well, It's complicated.

もし人類が喫緊の課題を解決でき 他の惑星にまで進出できれば

Mars is dry and has no soil to grow anything. Its  atmosphere is too thin to breathe or protect from  

radiation, giving you a high risk of cancer.  So to turn it into a new home for humanity,  

よし、だがどうやって 地球化するのか

we have to give it a proper atmosphere, similar  to Earth's. It should be made of 21% oxygen,  

79% nitrogen and a tiny bit of CO2, at an average  temperature of 14°C and under 1 bar of pressure.

We have to create oceans and rivers and then the  ground has to be weathered into fertile soil to  

大気は薄く、紫外線も防げず 癌になるリスクも高い

host living things. Then we need to install  a biosphere on the surface and prevent it all  

なのでこの新しい家には 地球と同じような大気が必要だ

from being undone by installing protective  measures that can stand the test of time.

それは21%の酸素と79%の窒素 僅かなCO2ででき

It's difficult. But a big  laser makes it a lot easier.

平均温度は14℃で 大気圧以下である必要がある

海や川を作り、生き物が住める 肥沃な土壌も必要だ

Some 4 billion years ago Mars had a nice  oxygen-rich atmosphere and was home to vast  

そこに生物を導入し 成果を無駄にせぬよう

oceans and rivers. It held onto it for  several hundred million years before it  

時の試練から保護する必要もある

got blown away. Ultraviolet rays broke down  the atmospheric gases and then the oceans,  

まあ難しい だが巨大レーザーがあれば話は簡単だ

until they were swept away by solar wind.  Today Mars is a dry, barren wasteland.

Luckily a sizable portion of the water is frozen  in deep reservoirs and in the polar ice caps,  

約40億年前、火星はいい感じに 酸素が豊富な大気や

enough to create a very shallow ocean.  And enormous amounts of oxygen are bound  

as minerals in the Martian rocks,  like the oxygen in the iron oxides  

だが紫外線によって大気や海が分解され 太陽風に吹き飛ばされたのだ

that give the planet its rust-red colour,  as well as carbon dioxide in carbonates.

現在の火星は 乾燥した不毛の地である

To free these gases, we need to  reverse the reactions that lock  

幸い、巨大な氷が 極地や地中に存在し

them away by using thermolysis,  which occurs at temperatures as  

浅い海を作るには 十分な量がある

high as on the surface of the Sun. In  short, we want to melt Mars' surface.

また火星の岩石は CO2や大量の酸素を含み

The best way to do that would be to put lasers  in orbit aiming their beams down on Mars.  

これが鉄が錆びた時の赤褐色を 火星に与える原因となっている

The most powerful laser today is the ELI-NP,  

これらのガスを解放するには 太陽のような高温による

able to produce beams of 10 Petawatts  of power, for a trillionth second.

To melt Mars we need a laser twice as powerful,  that runs continuously. The easiest way is to use  

つまり、火星の表面を 溶かせばいい

a solar-pumped laser that can be powered directly  with sunlight: At its core are metal-infused glass  

軌道上に火星を焼くレーザーを 設置する方法が最良だ

rods that absorb energy and release it as a laser  beam. If we build an array of mirrors in space,  

about 11 times the size of the United States, we  can focus enough sunlight onto them to melt Mars.

10ペタワットのビームを 1兆分の1秒放てるが

火星には2倍強力で 連続照射できるものがいる

As the lasers hit the surface, about 750  kg of oxygen and some carbon dioxide emerge  

最も簡単な方法としては 太陽光で直接動くレーザーがいい

from every cubic meter of rock melted. If  we are efficient our lasers only need to  

金属入りのガラス棒でできた 太陽光をレーザーとして放つ装置だ

melt through the top 8 meters of  the surface to get enough oxygen.

アメリカ国土の11倍の鏡を 宇宙に設置できれば

It would look terrifying. The  skies would be shrouded in storms,  

火星を溶かすのには十分である

while the ground would glow red-hot,  criss-crossed by currents of lava.  

Tireless laser beams sweep over the landscape,  leaving trails too bright to look at. After they  

レーザーが当たると 750kgの酸素と少量のCO2が

pass, the ground cools quickly. A strange  snow falls: the ashes from all the elements  

that solidify as they cool down, like silicon and  iron. Mars is still a cold planet at this point.

表面を8mも溶かせば 十分な酸素が得られるだろう

A happy side effect of this inferno is that  all the water in the polar ice caps and even  

deep underground rises into the sky as hot  steam, forming clouds that rain down over  

空は嵐に覆われ 地表は流れる溶岩で赤く輝き

the entire planet. They would wash out  the nastier gases from the atmosphere,  

レーザーは地を一掃しながら 直視に耐えぬ光跡を残す

like chlorine, and carry away harmful elements  that accumulated on the surface. In the end, they  

would form shallow oceans, saltier than on Earth.  We might need to do an extra clean-up afterwards.

ケイ素や鉄などの冷えると固まる元素が 奇妙な雪のように降るだろう

It would take about 50 years of continuous  lasering to create our oxygen atmosphere. We  

could use this opportunity to dig deeper in some  places to create the basins for salty oceans or  

この地獄絵図の嬉しい副作用は 極地や地下の氷が

rivers and spare some landmark features  like Mons Olympus and Valles Marineris.

熱い蒸気となって空に昇り 雲を形成し降り注ぐことである

雨は有害物である塩素ガスや 地表に蓄積されていた元素などを洗い流し

The resulting atmosphere is nearly 100%  oxygen and only 0.2 bar. It's hard to  

最終的に地球より塩濃い 浅い海をつくるだろう

breathe and very flammable. To make  it similar to earth and a lot safer,  

we need to add a lot of nitrogen, which  Mars is lacking sadly. We have to import it.

大気の形成には 50年間レーザーを照射する必要がある

The ideal source is Titan, a large moon of Saturn,  covered in a thick atmosphere that's almost  

この機会に彫り方を選び 海や川を作っておくのもいいだろう

entirely nitrogen. We just have to move 3000  trillion tons from the outer solar system to Mars.

オリンポス山やマリネリス峡谷などを 保護することもできる

While that's not easy, it is doable. To  process that much of Titan's atmosphere,  

まだ終わりじゃない 酸素100%の大気が0.2気圧分得られただけで

we have to construct giant automated factories,  on its surface powered by our lasers to suck in  

the atmosphere and compress it into a liquid.  This gets pumped into bullet-shaped tanks,  

大気を地球に似せるには窒素が必要だが 残念ながら火星にはなく

which a mass driver shoots all the way to  the red planet, where they explode and mix  

with the oxygen. We've already been able to send  individual missions to Saturn in just a few years.  

土星の衛星タイタンは厚い窒素の 大気を持つ理想的な供給源だ

With enough resources, it should be possible  to complete the task within 2 generations. 

Of course it would be much more  convenient to have nitrogen left  

over from terraforming Venus on the side: we  explained this in detail in another video.

ただし巨大な自動化工場を 建てなければならない

So, about a century after the  start of the terraforming process,  

レーザーを動力源に 大気を吸って液化させ

we have a breathable atmosphere that has  the right gases. If the liberated CO2  

弾丸状のタンクに詰め込んで 火星に打ち込み大気に混ぜるのだ

isn't enough to warm it up to temperatures we  can stand, we just add some super greenhouse  

人類は既に数年で土星まで 機械を送れている

gases. Mars at this point resembles a  black marble from all the cooling lava,  

資源があれば2世代以内に 任務を完了できるはずだ

spotted with growing oceans and red patches  where the old surface remains untouched. It's  

もちろん金星の地球化で余った 窒素を使えるならありがたい

still a wasteland, no better than a desert  on Earth. We need to fill it with life.

金星の地球化は別の動画を見てほしい

地球化を開始した100年後には 呼吸可能な大気ができているだろう

Installing a biosphere on a new planet is  very difficult. Unexpected interactions  

もしCO2が十分でなければ 温室効果ガスを追加して温められる

between species or sudden diseases can  destabilise it to the point of collapse.

そこは溶岩が冷えて黒い大理石のようになり

We would probably begin by seeding our young  oceans with phytoplankton. Without competition,  

海は成長し 赤く古い地形も残された姿である

it would bloom rapidly, filling up the oceans  to become the bottom of an aquatic food chain.  

まだ地球の砂漠と変わらない荒れ地であり

They can be followed by tiny zooplankton,  

then by fish. Maybe even sharks and whales. If  things go well, life in the oceans will thrive.

Life on land is harder. Plants need  nutrient-filled ground to sink their roots  

新規に生物圏を導入するのは難しい

into. But most of the surface is the congealed  remains of lava and ashes. We could wait for  

種族間の思わぬ相互作用や病気もあり 安定には時間がかかる

thousands of years for water and wind to grind it  down into finer sands or try to do it manually.

まず海への植物プランクトン導入がいいだろう

But we want to be quick. And we have a  big laser. Turning the beam on and off  

競争なき海で繁殖し 食物連鎖の基礎となってくれる

in rapid succession would cause the ground to  quickly heat up and contract, which breaks it  

その後に動物プランクトンや魚と続き

into smaller and smaller pieces. Add a bit  of water, and you get a sort of dark mud.

Into this mud, we can mix fungi and  nitrogen-fixing bacteria. They're  

うまくいけば海洋の生物は繁栄するだろうが

able to absorb nitrogen and convert it  into nitrate compounds to feed plants.  

The first plants we want to bring are  native to volcanic islands on Earth,  

植物は栄養ある土を必要とする

since they are perfectly suited to  the laser-blasted Martian landscape.

しかし殆どの地面は 溶岩と灰が凝固した岩だ

Eventually, the enriched mud becomes the  foundation for grasslands and forests. In  

風雨による風化を何千年と待つこともできるが 人が手を貸すこともできる

Mars' lower gravity, trees can become very tall  very fast. Their roots gather the nutrients  

早い方がいい 幸い巨大レーザーがある

they need and then dig deeper to turn more rocks  into soil, forming a self-sustaining ecosystem.

レーザーを入り切りすれば 地面は膨張収縮を繰り返し

At this point we can slowly introduce more plant  varieties, insects and animals. Not mosquitoes  

どんどん細かな破片に分解され

though. The new biosphere needs to be maintained  to prevent it from falling out of balance. If  

そこに水を加えれば 黒い泥ができる

plants grow too quickly and absorb too much  carbon dioxide, the planet cools down too much.  

これに菌類やバクテリアを 混ぜることができるのだ

If key species die out, we could see populations  collapse faster than they could recover. On Earth,  

これらは窒素を硝酸化合物に換え 植物の成長を助けてくれる

other species would move in to fill the void,  but our Martian biosphere is not as flexible.

初の入植者は 火山島由来の植物がよく

It takes hundreds if not thousands of years  before Mars becomes a stable environment.

レーザーで焼かれた火星にぴったりだろう

But eventually the planet will have the potential  to sustain large human colonies. With air,  

濃厚な泥は後に 草原や森林の基礎となる

water and food available, we  can finally call Mars – black,  

火星の低重力下では 木は早く高く成長するだろう

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How To Terraform Mars - WITH LASERS

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