Name: Post-Caesar Civil Wars - Battle of Mutina - Roman History DOCUMENTARY
Uploaded: 2022-07-03T02:43:57.000Z
Duration: 24 min 18 s
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In the previous episode in this series, we  talked about the events that happened after  

the assassination of Caesar, but the series itself  is about the civil wars that continued shaking the  

Roman Republic leading to the principate. Unlike  Caesar's Civil War that began with a clear act  

of war, the crossing of the Rubicon, the Civil War  that would be later called the War of Mutina began  

slowly, with a number of events slowly pushing the  relevant parties closer and closer to bloodshed.  

In this episode, we will talk about  this first post-Caesar civil war.

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By the summer of 44BC, Octavian had successfully  halted Brutus and Cassius' plan to win over  

the Roman public, forcing them to abandon  the city. Brutus had retreated to Greece,  

where he was greeted warmly in Athens, and began  rallying support, while Cassius was en-route to  

the East, where he held the most influence. Antony  and Dolabella, the two consuls for the year,  

had been assigned Macedonia and Syria  respectively for the following year,  

but their position was somewhat weak. The public  in Rome was starting to turn against them and  

they had no significant army under their command.  Dolabella had been granted command of the legions  

Caesar had picked out for the Parthian campaign,  currently in Illyria, but this command would not  

take effect until the end of his consulship  at the end of the year. They needed men now. 

Suddenly, a rumour reached Rome that a huge Getae  force had attacked Macedonia. Antony immediately  

requested that the Parthian army be put under  his command to defend the province. The Senate  

was initially reluctant, but not wanting to risk  the province, relented. Soon it was reported that  

the Getae were no longer in Macedonia, and some  reports claimed that they never even attacked.  

Nevertheless, Antony insisted that he maintain  command, claiming that if the army were moved,  

then there certainly would be a huge  attack on the undefended province.  

Antony had just secured himself a large, and  well-trained army consisting of Caesar's veterans. 

Antony immediately brought 4 legions to Brundisium  and demanded that the Senate reassign governance  

of Macedonia to his brother Gaius, while he  was to be given governance of Cisalpine Gaul.  

Just as Caesar before him, Antony knew he had  to secure governance of a province in order  

to have legal immunity. Moreover, Caesar  had shown how valuable the province was,  

and how much control the governor of Cisalpine  Gaul could exercise over Rome. Decimus Brutus  

was currently the governor, however, and the  Senate refused to allow Antony to replace him.  

Looking to bypass the Senate, Antony planned  to put the law to the Public Assembly,  

but his popularity greatly diminished,  he was unlikely to pass the law alone. 

The most popular man in Rome at the  moment was Octavian. The two men had  

constantly been at loggerheads, but Antony's  circle had been advising him to reconcile.  

Finally seeing the benefit in this, Antony and  Octavian made a temporary alliance. Octavian  

would swing the vote in the Assembly,  while Antony would later help Octavian.  

Still bitter towards Antony, Octavian was even  more resentful of Decimus and was willing to do  

what was necessary to weaken Caesar's assassins.  The law was passed by the People, ensuring Antony  

would be governor of Cisalpine Gaul, and  his brother governor of Macedonia for 43BC.  

The Senate, however, sent messages to Decimus to  not give in to Antony and to defend his province. 

Meanwhile, Sextus Pompey had ventured out  from his base in Sicily and had managed  

to stir up a revolt in Spain, which had  always had Pompeian sympathies. Lepidus,  

previously Caesar's Master of Horse, was able to  negotiate with Sextus to retreat without fighting  

and the Senate, praised him for that,  as winning over Lepidus would greatly  

strengthen their position and  severely undermine Antony. 

In Rome, one of the Tribunes of the Plebs died,  and needed to be replaced. Octavian was the  

popular candidate, but the Senate feared that he  would use his office to prosecute the Liberators.  

Octavian turned to Antony, calling to  repay the favour, but the latter refused,  

claiming that Octavian was too young. The  majority voted for Octavian nevertheless,  

but Antony once again interceded, annulling  the vote. Octavian was furious and immediately  

began sending his agents throughout Italy,  gauging which cities would be loyal to him  

and which of Antony's legions had wavering  loyalty, and amassing old veterans of Caesar.  

To further damage Antony's position, Octavian's  ally Cicero began disseminating the first of a  

number of speeches attacking Antony's  actions and character, the Philippics. 

Octavian's agents were successful in sewing  discontent among legions in Brundisium,  

as many legionaries saw Antony's actions  against Caesar's heir as disrespectful  

and insulting. Immediately, Antony rushed to  Brundisium to regain control of the situation.  

Octavian, nervous of what Antony was planning,  also left Rome, calling Caesarean veterans to  

his banner. He offered huge rewards  and soon had an army of thousands.  

With no legal right to command an army, he  justified it by calling them his bodyguards.  

He sent this force to Arretium and then started  waiting for Antony to make the first move. 

In Brundisium, Antony was  struggling to regain control.  

Octavian's agents had been effective, and  Antony's initial gift of 100 drachmae was  

laughed off. Infuriated, Antony rounded  up the ring-leaders and decimated them.  

This brutal action, combined with a larger  offered reward, was enough to temporarily win  

the legions back to his side, and Antony returned  to Rome, sending the 4 legions north to Arminium,  

joining with two more on the road. However, while  on the march two other Macedonian Legions, the  

Martian and 4th consisting of Caesar's veterans,  defected, pledging their loyalties to Octavian.  

Antony tried to win them back but was forced away  by arrow fire. Nevertheless, at this point in late  

November, Antony was in a solid position. He had  4 legions in Italy, Lepidus and Asinius Pollio in  

Spain commanded 4 and 3 legions respectively, and  Plancus commanded another 3 in Transalpine Gaul;  

Antony was confident that  they would side with him. 

Meanwhile, Dolabella had also begun his journey  from Rome to Syria collecting a small force,  

likely from Macedonia, to take up governorship  there when his term as consul ended.  

En route, he passed through Asia,  the province governed by Trebonius.  

While attempting to resupply, Dolabella  found all the cities closed to him. Furious,  

he attacked Smyrna where Trebonius was located but  was unsuccessful. Disgruntled, he began to retreat  

and was shadowed by Trebonius men. Dolabella's  scouts informed of this though, and he managed  

to lay an ambush, destroying Trebonius' force and  rushing back to seize the now undefended Smyrna.  

Trebonius was captured in his bed and beheaded by  Dolabella's men - the first of Caesar's assassins  

to die. With the year coming to a close, Dolabella  and Antony's terms as consul would also be ending  

soon. Antony, knowing he needed to secure  a governorship, sent messages to Decimus  

demanding that he give up his province, demands  that Decimus refused. Antony then left Rome to  

join his army to enforce his claim on the province  and was given a fabulous send-off by the Senate. 

Octavian, outraged at Antony's earlier betrayal,  also left Rome to join with his force in Arretium.  

He now also had a formidable force: effectively  2 legions of veterans and 2 of levies who had  

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