Name: The Scientific Methods: Crash Course History of Science #14
Uploaded: 2022-06-05T09:41:25.000Z
Duration: 13 min 4 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

I started this course by saying that people have made knowledge about the natural world,

様態の副詞

They've done this by carefully observing the world and then devising tests to find

Today, we refer to a specific series of steps—coming up with a hypothesis, testing it, and drawing

But, historically speaking, there is no one scientific method.

There's more than one way to make knowledge.

Still, if you look at some of the great minds who helped shape today's concept of the

scientific method, a set of basic principles starts to emerge.

For these ideas and a lot of other stuff, we have to thank three of the natural philosophers who

pioneered this abstract “scientific method”: Galileo, Bacon, and Descartes.

Galileo, Bacon, and Descartes are each so

fascinating that they could each have their own episode.

But one reason to talk about them together is that they lived at roughly the same time.

A lot changed in European natural philosophy between the mid-1500s and the mid-1600s, when

But first, Dr. Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa in 1564.

He considered becoming a priest, studied art, attended school for medicine, but then attended

a lecture on geometry, and went on to study math in secret, because his dad wanted him

Much to his father's chagrin, I'm sure, Galileo became a professor of a bunch of math-related

stuff at University of Pisa, a lowly, poorly paid position.

In 1593, Galileo took a job as a ballistics consultant at the Arsenal of Venice, which

is a heck of a title to have on your C.V.

Then, starting in 1609, he built and refined telescopes, which eventually made him famous.

The very first telescope was invented by Dutch spectacle-maker Hans Lippershey in Holland

And telescopes are a good example of how scientific instruments change the nature of scientific

We often design experiments around how we can use our instruments—in the case of astronomy,

around what we can see through a telescope.

With his new telescopic success, Galileo quit his job at Pisa for a much better one at Padua,

and he also took on the role of Chief Mathematician and Philosopher of Florence.

As he continued to research the night sky, Galileo became convinced that Copernicus was

right: the earth is not the center of the universe.

He also looked into Kepler's ideas but wasn't convinced by them.

By 1611, Galileo's name had been brought up by the Inquisition.

But it seems that his vocal support of Copernicanism was creating some friction in the Florentine

Among many others, the Grand Duchess Christina, who was basically one of his patrons, said

she took issue with the idea of heliocentrism.

So in 1615, he wrote to a letter to explaining that the Bible and nature did not disagree:

One was God's word to the masses—a story about how to behave and why.

The other was God's work—the physical reality that He created.

So science, he said, was simply the uncovering of God's work.

Unfortunately for him, Church officials didn't like this explanation.

In 1616, the Church added Copernicus' text, De rev, to its official list of banned books.

The Inquisitors deemed heliocentrism “foolish and absurd in philosophy.”

This was bad news for Galileo: he was told not to uphold or defend Copernicanism.

(But he may have been able to teach a heliocentric astronomy as a thought experiment.

In 1623, Galileo published a pamphlet called the Assayer that basically said scientists

Pope Urban VIII, Galileo's personal friend, was a fan.

He said that God could move the heavens in numberless ways, so the ultimate source of

So sure, Galileo, you want to spend your nights staring at tiny dots of light?

Urban even renamed Galileo's next book, Dialogue on the the Two Chief World Systems

All Urban asked was for his friend to treat different astronomical systems fairly.

The Dialogue made a clear argument for Copernicanism, comparing it point by point with the Aristotelian–Ptolemaic

He brought new data to the battle: he described the phases of Venus, which appears to grow

This phasing did not fit with a geocentric model.

An even stronger argument came from the tides, whose movements seemed to prove that the earth

Urban felt that Galileo had not heard his warning.

All copies of the Dialogue were recalled.

And in 1632, Galileo was called to Rome to speak to the Inquisition.

His trial got under way in 1633, and in time, he was placed under house arrest for the rest

Humiliated, under arrest, he kept sciencing.

Beyond his contributions to astronomy, physics, and the scientific method, Galileo is a rockstar

Galileo's last text was also perhaps his most relevant to the idea of methods in science:

His Two New Sciences of 1638 was a mathematical treatise about how bodies fall through the

It was also a record of the process by which he discovered these physical laws.

He called for specific tests that would let experimenters confirm his laws with their

This, in his words, was the mark of a “true scientist”: independent confirmation.

This is an awesome norm to try to live up to!

So, we shouldn't be surprised that a lifelong nerd like Galileo would have played a critical