Name: Catholic Counter-Reformation: Crash Course European History #9
Uploaded: 2022-06-03T02:50:26.000Z
Duration: 13 min 44 s
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Hi I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History.

So, last week we took a break from religion to show that amidst warfare and bitter controversy

over doctrine, people were inventing and innovating and enslaving.

Europeans were eating new foods, hanging out more in cities, and making advances in commerce

While also inventing systems of oppression to enslave others.

Years ago, historians firmly believed that the Protestant religion promoted capitalism—that

is, all the business and commerce that were springing up at the time were caused by the

Some historians still find that Martin Luther's other worldly interests expanded to this-worldly

activities, like reading, in ways that boosted prosperity, but the rise of capitalism was

complex, and also it happened in non-Protestant communities.

So today, let's shift perspectives back to how the Catholics were handling all this.

Were they ready to simply surrender their influence in European society?

Did the Church just turn its back on this momentous challenge of Protestantism and continue

Leaders and the faithful created a sturdy, even strident Catholic-Reformation, or Counter-Reformation,

that also provided a little grease to the wheels of commerce.

And today we're gonna look at the Catholic Reformation and how it influenced not just

The task of reform fell to Pope Paul III, who like many Renaissance popes lived in the

lap of luxury and engaged in corrupt practices such as appointing two of his grandsons cardinals

That reminds me of the great last words of the Irish poet, Brendan Behan.

A nun was giving him an injection, and he turned to her and said, “bless you sister.

But Pope Paul III knew, partly because of external pressure, that the Catholic Church

Several attempts at undertaking reforms in formal meetings were blocked by powerful individuals

Powerful individuals and the status quo: The greatest love story of this or any time.

But the church was tired of seeing its overall power decrease, and so in 1545, the Council

of Trent, composed of high church officials, assembled to stop the Protestant momentum.

And this council continued until 1563, a series of meetings that lasted so long that by the

time it was over, both Pope Paul III and his successor Julius III had died.

I've definitely had meetings that felt like they were 18 years long.

So, among the adherents to Protestantism were some of the most powerful princes and members

And some Catholic leaders wanted those powerful Protestants on their side.

But eventually the council eventually decided not to compromise.

Instead, the pronouncements of the Council of Trent were stark and emphatic.

Already in 1542 while waiting for a council actually to get organized, the papacy had

expanded the work of the Inquisition, which had been established in the 13th century to

stamp out heresies in southern France and Italy.

But now the Inquisition targeted Protestants and searched for heresy also among conquered

The Council also affirmed principles of transubstantiation—that is, the belief that the blood and wine of

the communion sacrament become the actual body and blood of Jesus.

It upheld the centrality of the seven sacraments, and the selling of indulgences stuck around

Clergy were to remain celibate and chaste--unlike most Protestant clerics.

And all Catholics were to live by faith /and/ practice good works as their path to salvation—not

The church also began establishing seminaries where priests could become more informed in

And reformers felt this training was sorely needed for priests because they were being

confronted by complicated Protestant challenges to Catholic doctrine.

And the Church began the Papal Index, a list of books that Catholics were forbidden to

read; In addition the Church reached deeper into society when it began to further regulate

With the creation of a list of forbidden books and the declaration of power over marriage,

the Counter-Reformation took Catholicism from a point of weakness and actually expanded

Even before these events, what would become a major bulwark of Catholicism and its Counter-Reformation

Because in the 1520s, after being shot as a soldier in one of Spain's wars, a Spanish

nobleman took up the challenge to fortify Catholicism.

Just as Luther wrestled with his faith, Ignatius of Loyola suffered spiritual agonies and emerged

a charismatic leader--but unlike Luther, Ignatius and his followers remained loyal to the Catholic

In 1540, the Pope declared Ignatius's followers a religious order called the Society of Jesus

Many pre-existing Catholic religious orders were rededicating themselves to protect and

But Loyola's approach was especially effective given the challenges from Protestantism in

First, because he organized and ran his group like an army around a hierarchy of command;

joining required several years of training and a strict code of discipline.

And all of this was timely given the Church's reputation for corruption, lax morals, and

in many cases, priestly incompetence, including ignorance of Latin.

Second, the Jesuits founded schools where humanistic education thrived alongside religious

These became a mechanism for combining the latest in intellectual practice with the revitalization

and reaffirmation of Catholic theology, and it was important because one of the attractions

of Protestantism was its emphasis on broader literacy so that everyone could directly connect

The Jesuits argued that Catholics could also spread education--which is why incidentally

there are so many Loyola Universities around the world.

And that brings us to our final point: In addition to reforming Catholicism in Europe,

the Jesuits undertook globalizing the faith as a regular part of their mission.

Through them, Catholicism truly did become a world religion, reaching India, and Japan,

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Catholic Counter-Reformation: Crash Course European History #9

eventually

subtle

constant

practice