and so many dead people lay down on the road."

[in Ukrainian] I survived the Holodomor,

and will remember it as long as I live.

This is Rostyslav, reading the words of his grandmother, Lydia, who lived in Ukraine.

[in Ukrainian] It was scary to watch and remember.

Lydia was a witness and survivor

of a horrific man-made famine that killed millions in Ukraine.

My father has recorded an oral history that his grandmother told him

and he just recorded it in ink pen.

[in Ukrainian] Our family consisted of 10 people.

[in Ukrainian] On one of those nights, my father said that we would starve to death.

[in Ukrainian] We needed to do something.

The famine hit several parts of the Soviet Union, from 1932 to 1933.

But in Ukraine it became known as "the Holodomor"

a term meaning “death by starvation".

It was genocide carried out by a dictator who wanted to keep Ukraine under his control.

And would do everything in his power to cover it up for decades.

In 1917, after the fall of the Russian empire, Ukraine briefly gained freedom.

But, by 1922, it was forcefully integrated into the newly formed Soviet Union

and became known as the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic.

At the time, the country was largely rural

most of the population were villagers and farmers.

Self-reliance is a very important thing for every Ukrainian.

And so having that piece of land, cultivating that land

was something that was very important to so many.

In fact, Ukraine was known for its farmland.

With some of the world's most fertile soil, the country was a huge grain producer

especially in these regions.

Over time, it became known as the breadbasket of the Soviet Union

and Joseph Stalin wanted complete control of it.

When Stalin rose to power in the mid-1920s

a distinctly Ukrainian culture and national identity were thriving.

But by the late-1920s, he and other Soviet leaders

feared it could bring on a Ukrainian revolution.

They decided to crackdown on what they saw as an ideological threat to the Soviet regime

and they began a widespread, violent purge of Ukrainian intellectuals

along with priests, and religious structures.

You have to think about it as kind of

decapitating the leadership of the country.

You cut off its head, basically.

Around the same time, Stalin introduced a “Five Year Plan”

that would eventually give him control of Ukrainian agriculture.

The goal was to industrialize all of the Soviet Union at a rapid pace

which meant building up industries like electricity, coal, and steel.

To fund this project, Stalin turned to the “collectivization” of agriculture.

Which meant consolidating individual farms

across all of the Soviet Union into large, state run farms.

If you combine, you know, 60, 70, 80 small farms into one big farm

it's easier to control it.

It's easier to extract surplus grain or surplus sugar or whatever that farm produces.

In Ukraine, the plan gave Stalin direct control over grain production

which meant he could extract all of the crop to sell to the West

as a way to fund Soviet industrialization.

By this policy of industrialization, by taking away everything that grew on the land

Stalin aimed to really destroy that connection between the land and life itself.

That was one of the key ideological things in industrialization

saying that it's not about the land, it's about the state

the Soviet state that will then provide for your livelihood.

Many Ukrainian farmers who had worked independently for their entire lives

resisted Stalin's plan.

So, Stalin found another way to attack them.

He launched a propaganda campaign to smear farmers.

He labeled anyone resistant to collectivization, a “kulak”

a Russian term for a wealthy peasant and depicted them as greedy, exploiters,

and enemies of the state.

And sometimes, as literal parasites.

This is a way to drive a wedge within a community.

And it's a way to also justify, I think, what the Soviet state

and what the Communist Party is trying to do on the ideological side.

No matter how rich or poor, Stalin seized the belongings of the so-called “kulaks".

He then exiled, imprisoned, or executed hundreds of thousands of them.

And for the farmers who remained, he engineered a famine to starve them.

In 1931, Stalin deliberately set quotas for grain production

that were far beyond the capacity of farmers across the Soviet Union.

When farmers failed to meet those quotas

Stalin's men swept their farms to confiscate all the grain they could find.

Records show the Soviets took over 4 million tons of grain from Ukraine alone in 1932.

That same year, a new law punished anyone who took even a handful of grain

or was caught hiding grain or bread — with 10 years in prison, or the death penalty.

Stalin's oppressive collection policy created a famine that started spreading

in grain-producing regions across the Soviet Union.

Some party members sent Stalin letters about the growing crisis

pleading for a change in policy.

And that's what makes it so diabolical because

if a government is really concerned about its population, its people

then at the end of the first famine year, it can reverse its policies.

But instead, the government and the party actually doubled down.

Their commitment to collectivization

made the famine deadly in many parts of the Soviet Union.

But when it came to Ukraine, Stalin's need for the complete submission of its people

compounded the effects of the famine.

In the fall and winter of 1932, Soviet police began seizing not just grain

but anything edible.

Even livestock.

Farms in Ukraine and sometimes entire villages, were “blacklisted”

for missing grain quotas, torn apart for food, and prohibited from receiving any supplies.

In January 1933, knowing Ukrainians were leaving in search of food

Stalin closed the borders of Ukraine and policed migration from Ukrainian villages to cities, too.

In the coming months, tens of thousands of Ukrainian villagers

were caught trying to flee

and were sent back to their homes to starve.

This was a targeted extermination of peasantry.

People try to find food, you know, wherever they could in rivers and streams.

They began to eat their animals, their pets.

They began to catch birds and mice, whatever they could find on trees

that would give them some sort of sustenance.

People were so desperate that they ate flesh from animals

that they found on the road

and some even resorted to cannibalism.

But even in this unimaginable suffering, Ukrainians fought for their lives

and each other.

She was my great grandmother.

I have fond memories of her.

My dad took me to her village, I was really young.

So Lydia's house is actually my first memories.

The way Holodomor happened, it was mostly happening in the rural areas.

Lydia was a student at the time.

And she actually told me about how they survived.

[in Ukrainian] At night, we dug a hole under a tree.

[in Ukrainian] We put a barrel in the hole and poured grain in there

and covered the barrel with soil.

At night they would make flour out of that wheat and make some makeshift bread.

And the reason why they would do it at night is that nobody could see

the smoke coming out of the windows.

Lydia describes horrific village scenes

seeing “a mother die of starvation” and “police taking away children.”

Once, when Lydia saw her neighbors who had “bloated bodies and couldn't get up”

she started to sneak them “bread and milk".

It's likely due to her efforts, that seven people, out of that family of nine, survived.

After its peak in May and June of 1933, the famine slowly started subsiding.

Likely because of a weakened labor force, the Soviet regime

finally took measures to decrease grain confiscations and arrests.

By 1934, most regions collectivized.

Almost all farmers were working for the state.

Though we will never know the total number of deaths from the Holodomor

a recent study estimated nearly 4 million Ukrainians killed.

Places like the North Caucasus, with a large Ukrainian population, suffered greatly, too.

And further east, Kazakhstan lost at least a third of its population.

So many people perished during the Holodomor

that the Soviet Union had to send people over to Ukraine to rebuild the labor force.

The main goal was to resettle those areas in order to work the land.

There were settlers brought in from various parts of the Soviet Union

but mainly from Russia.

This resettlement program set off a wave of future campaigns over the years.

Many Russians moved here in the east and south

which are, to this day, places with large Russian populations.

In Russia, Stalin carried out a massive disinformation campaign

to cover up the famine he'd created.

Throughout the crisis, he outright denied that a famine ever took place.

He banned the Soviet press from reporting on the famine

and banned foreign correspondents from even going to Ukraine.

But, he strategically allowed language that would effectively downplay the Holodomor

words like “food shortages” or “food supply problems”.

For example, Walter Duranty — a Moscow correspondent for the New York Times

who won a Pulitzer for his reporting on Stalin's success with the Five Year Plan

denied the famine in his reporting

calling it a “food shortage".

Duranty was challenged by others, including journalist Gareth Jones

who snuck into Ukraine and wrote a series of articles on how “famine ruled Russia".

At the time, Russia was a term many journalists used

to describe the Soviet Union as a whole

including Ukraine.

Jones wrote: “Everywhere was the cry, 'there is no bread.

We are dying.'”

In response — Duranty, who had more influence than Jones, put out another article

this time insisting that “Russians were hungry, but not starving".

Several photographers who also tried to expose the humanitarian crisis

were arrested for their photos.

Some managed to get their images to leaders in the West

but the images didn't mobilize support for Ukraine.

The West didn't want to get involved in Soviet politics.

The most cautionary tale is remembering that the world didn't come to Ukraine's rescue.

It seemed like an internal issue.

There was a lot of misinformation, disinformation.

Outside of controlling the media narrative Stalin destroyed archives

and made sure death certificates didn't use the word “starvation”

as a cause of death.

And then there was the case of the 1937 census

whose findings showed a drop in the population of Ukraine.

So, Stalin decided that he couldn't allow this to be made public.

The people who compiled the census

most of them were arrested and some were even executed

and the census never became public.

Over the course of the next several decades

the Soviet Union continued to suppress the Holodomor.

But in Ukraine, the truth was quietly passed down through generations.

In more recent years, the Holodomor has been recognized by more than a dozen countries

as a genocide.

In fact Raphael Lemkin, the researcher who coined the term genocide

applied it to Ukraine on the basis of four reasons:

The extermination of intellectuals.

The destruction of churches and priests

The starvation of farmers.

And the fragmentation of Ukrainian people through resettlement.

But the government of Russia has yet to acknowledge any historical responsibility for the famine.

They've maintained — falsely — that the famine hit Russia just as hard.

And today, similar tactics of disinformation are being used to perpetrate

another violent attack against Ukrainians.

If one looks at the coverage provided by Russian state media.

It seems like the Ukrainians keep shelling themselves.

It seems like it's somehow the Ukrainians' fault that there is this war in their own land.

It's war against our people.

I can't imagine, the second time we step in the same river.

Whole cities right now in Ukraine are being obliterated.

It is really my fear that if Russia were to be successful in this current invasion of

Ukraine they will make sure that this page of history is rewritten and is forgotten.