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  • Some people might say Americans butcher the  pronunciation of English. We certainly do  

  • our own thing with it. Today we're going to  study part of a scene from Friends to see:  

  • what are all the things that  Americans do with spoken English?  

  • How does Rachel Greene speak so fast? It's  all about rhythm and simplification. Studying  

  • spoken English this way helps my students a ton with their English listening comprehension and  

  • also helps them speak English that's more  smooth, natural, and easier to understand.  

  • Also, fresh off the press, click here or in the  video description to get a free cheat sheet, the  

  • sounds of American English, it's a great reference  tool and even I use it quite a bit. This is the  

  • scene we'll use for our analysis. Rachel has just  found out that Chandler and Monica are dating,  

  • and she really wants to tell Joey.

  • Oh, Joey. I have such a problem.

  • Oh, well, your timing couldn't be better. I  am putting out fires all over the place today.

  • Okay, okay. Joey? I have  got to tell you something.

  • What? What? What is it, what is it?

  • Oh my God. It's so huge. But you just have  to promise meyou can't tell anyone.

  • Oh no, no, no. I don't want to know.

  • Now let's do that analysis together.

  • Oh, Joey.

  • There's a little bit of stress in her voice  here. Oh. A little bit of that up-down shape, Oh,  

  • Joey, and then we have that very clear  up-down curve for a stressed syllable  

  • so the first syllable 'Jo' is what's stressedThe second syllable which is just the e vowel,  

  • Joey, ee, it just comes on the way down  doesn't have it's own separate shape or feel,  

  • it's just falling away from that stressed  syllable so it's really smooth. Joey.

  • Oh, Joey.

  • I have such a problem.

  • Normally, we would say problem. Really  clear first syllable stress and a very  

  • short second syllable but she's bringing a lot  of stress and energy to this word, 'problem'.  

  • And she really holds on to that second  syllable so it also feels stressed.

  • I have such a problem.

  • Problem. So, it would be  really common for um, to just  

  • be like the e in Joey and just come down  away from that stressed syllable pro,  

  • problem. But here it's got its own  separate shape for stress and emphasis.

  • problem.

  • Problem. The letter o makes the ah as in  father vowel here and the e is the schwa,  

  • problem, lem, lem. But she does put  a little bit more of a vowel in there  

  • because of holding it out. So I think we can think  of that as the u vowel like in butter. Probleem.

  • Problem.

  • The other words definitely less stressed than our  noun here, I have such a, I have such a. But there  

  • is some on the word such, “I have such a”. And  notice the ch sound links right into the schwa,  

  • a nice smooth ending consonant to beginning  vowel link such a, such a, such a. I have such a.

  • I have such a--

  • So I in have said really quickly.  I have, I have, I have, I have.

  • You don't want to make more of it thatWe want the contrast of the short words,  

  • the short syllables with the long words  and long syllables. I have, I have, I have,  

  • I have such. I have such a. One down shape  of stress in those four words. I have such a.

  • I have such a.

  • I have such a problem.

  • I have such a problem.

  • I have such a problem.

  • Oh, well--

  • Oh, well. Both of those are going up. Up, well.  

  • The word well not pronounced too clearly. Wellwell, well, well, uhuhuhl. A little bit of a w  

  • maybe a schwa or an f feel with a darkwell well. But it's short, it's not stressed.

  • Oh, well--

  • Your timing couldn't be better.

  • So let's just look at this part of  his phrase and I want you to think  

  • about what are the stressed syllables like we  had such and problem in this first sentence.  

  • Where do you find you want to move a little  bit? Maybe move your head a little bit.  

  • What do you think are the most stressed  syllables with that peak of stress?

  • Your timing couldn't be better.

  • I feel it. Your timing couldn't be betterOn this first syllable of time, your timing,  

  • the first syllable of timing, your timing couldn't  be better. But it's all smooth, we don't have any  

  • skips or break, everything's either leading up  to a stressed syllable or coming away from it.  

  • So the word your, that's not reduced. Said youryour, your. Very fast, simplify as much as you  

  • can. Your, your, your, your timing. Now here  we have a stressed syllable it begins with a t,  

  • that is a true t. A lot of our t's in English  change to other sounds but this is a true t,  

  • your timing. And as I say that, do  you hear the melody of my voice?  

  • Ahh, ahh, your timing, your timing. With that up  down shape of stress for the stressed syllable.

  • Your timing--

  • couldn't be better.

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  • Couldn't be, couldn't be. So the  word l in the word could is silent,  

  • the vowel there is the same vowel that we  have in push, book, here it's spelled as 'ou'.  

  • In push, it's spelled with just the u,  

  • and in book it's spelled with 'oo'. But it's  the same sound on all of these words, uh, uh.  

  • Could, could, couldn't be.

  • couldn't be--

  • couldn't be better.

  • Let's listen to justcouldn't be better.” You  

  • tell me what you think you're hearing with this  n't contraction. Are you hearing tt, a true t?

  • couldn't be better.

  • N't contractions, we have three possibilities  there. We have the least common true t, couldn't,  

  • couldn't be. That's not what we hear. Then we  couldn't be. Couldn't be with a little break,  

  • a little stop of air, that's the stop  t. That's fairly common. Couldn't be.  

  • But actually, what I'm hearing is the  third pronunciation which is no t at all,  

  • t dropped right from n smoothly intowith no break. Couldn't be, couldn't be.

  • couldn't be better.

  • So keep that in mind when you're  looking at n apostrophe t words,  

  • the least common pronunciation by far is a true t.

  • couldn't be better.

  • couldn't be better. Ahuhuh. Two  up-down shapes of stress, the tt  

  • here is a flap t, the tongue just  flaps against the roof of the mouth  

  • [flap], better, better.

  • couldn't be better.

  • Some students find it tricky to  go from flap t into the schwa r  

  • which is the ending of this word, betterSo the tongue bounces against the roof of  

  • the then the tip pulls back a little bit  so it's not touching anything. Be-tter.  

  • I always encourage students  to hold out the sound before  

  • and after a flap t to help them focus on that  clean quick movement holding out that errr,  

  • r schwa combination, errr will also help  you focus in on that sound. Be-tter. Better.

  • couldn't be better.

  • I am putting out fires.

  • I am putting out fires. So it's very  common to speak with the contraction  

  • 'I'm' but here he is stressing I so he  doesn't make that a contraction. I am.

  • I am--

  • I am putting out fires all over the place.

  • I am putting out fires. So we have an idiom  here. We have stress on the stressed syllable  

  • of pudding. Put now fires all over the  place. First syllable of over also stress.

  • I am putting out fires all over the place.

  • So the flap t just like in better. This sounds  like the d between vowels in American English  

  • so this word actually sounds just like  this wordpuddingwhich is a dessert.  

  • Because d between vowels sounds the same  as t between vowels, we call that a flap t,  

  • now he doesn't say pudding with  the ing ending, he actually  

  • switches the ing to an in ending puttin, puttin.

  • I am putting out--

  • And when we do that, it changes actually  the t pronunciation if you can believe it.  

  • Changing the ending actually changes  how we pronounce the middle consonant  

  • I'm not getting into all the details that has  to do with the sounds in between but basically  

  • it turns into a flap t into a stop t. Puttinputtin. So I'm going to go ahead and erase  

  • flap t because I don't want to confuse anybody  when you're going back looking at it. So putting  

  • ing ending we're going to make that a flap t.  

  • But if we make that an in ending then we change it  to a stop t, putting, putting. I am putting out.

  • I am putting out--

  • I am putting out fires all over the place.

  • Actually I would say we have some stress on out as  well. Putting out, another stop t. Fires all over.  

  • Why is this a stop t? Well, the t is a stop t, the  general rule is when it's followed by a consonant  

  • so here it is followed by a consonant  so we're going to make that a stop t,  

  • putting out fires, putting out fires. Now, the  ending z sound of fires links into the next word.  

  • This is the ah as in law vowel and it's  really common to link ending consonants  

  • into beginning vowels so it almost sounds like  the ending consonant begins to the next word.  

  • So you could think of the as zall, zallzall, zall, zall. Fires all, fires all over.

  • putting out fires all over the place.

  • And that's how we get that really smooth character  of American English. Fires all over the place.

  • fires all over the place.

  • Here again we have an ending consonant and  beginning vowel. Vowel or diphthong in this  

  • case the o as in no diphthong so we want to take  the l, lover, lover, allover, all over the place.

  • all over the place.

  • all over the place today.

  • all over the place today. Then again a little  bit more stress on the second syllable of  

  • today. A few things, the most stress here  really is in the vowel or the diphthong o  

  • and you can see he moves  his head on that all over.  

  • Sometimes Americans will add a physical gesture  to our most stressed syllable for emphasis.  

  • That's a good clue that that's the syllable  that you want to put your energy towards.

  • all over the place--

  • all over the place today.

  • All over the place today. I want to talk to  a second about the last word. People see to  

  • when they want to say to. But this is always  tt with a schwa, don't make the u vowel make  

  • it much faster to, to, today. And this t can be  a trues t or a flap it, he is making it a true t.  

  • So this word is today. Not  today but today, today, today.

  • all over the place--

  • all over the place today.

  • The syllable er plus the words the in placethey're unstressed, they're said more quickly.  

  • For the place, for the place, for the placeSo you need to take some of the clarity out,  

  • some of your voice out some of the energy out  in order to be able to make them that quickly  

  • so we have that important contrast of stressed and  unstressed. Now the word 'the'. I'm going to give  

  • you a trick, a tip for a word like the that  starts with the voiced th and is unstressed.  

  • We have the, this, these those, thatquite a few common words that follow  

  • this pattern of unstressed and beginning withvoiced th. For those words, you don't actually  

  • have to bring your tongue tip all the way through  the teeth. The, you don't have to make it that  

  • clearly. But you don't want to put your tongue  to the roof of the mouth because then it will  

  • start to sound like duh, a d and we do not want  that. So in order to make it sound like a th  

  • rather than having your tongue  tip at the roof of the mouth,  

  • have it touching the backs of the teeth. The, thethe, the, the, the, the, the. That will help it  

  • sound like a th. And it will also help you make it  more quickly. The, the, the, the, the. The place,  

  • the place, the place. Notice those are low  in pitch and a little quiet? Those are some  

  • of the qualities of unstressed syllable. The  place, the place, the place, the place today.

  • all over the place today.

  • What does the idiom meanto put out  fires”? Orto put out fires all over  

  • the place”? This means deal with problemsSo if a situation, a problem has risen  

  • and you have to deal with it, you can say, uhalright, I guess I'll go out put out that fire.

  • I am putting out fires all over the place today.

  • Okay, okay.

  • Okay, okay. She's making that with first syllable  stress. That word can have either first or second  

  • syllable stress. You can say, okay or okay. And  here she's doing that first syllable stress, okay,  

  • okay. Now that is an o diphthong in that  first syllable so make sure you're moving  

  • your lips a little bit, Ou. they have to  round in more, that movement gives us the  

  • change which gives us the full quality of  the diphthong, ou, ou, uo, ou. Okay, okay.

  • Okay, okay.

  • Joey?

  • Joey? Joey? The questioning intonation going  up, she's about to ask something of him,  

  • she wants permission to tell him this big secretSo earlier, she saidJoey.” and it went down,  

  • the statement intonation here. Joey? it's going up  questioning intonation and again, that unstressed  

  • syllable at the end doesn't have its own shapeit just comes into the rise of the voice, “Joey?”

  • Joey?

  • I have got to tell you something.

  • Okay now, let's see if you can guess upon  

  • hearing this sentence three timesWhat is the most stressed word?

  • I have got to tell you something.

  • It's the one that's the loudest, the most  stressed, got. I have got to tell you something.  

  • Also sometimes for emphasis, we'll put  a little break before or a little break  

  • after a stressed word and it doesn't fit  into the flow of the sentence as much.

  • I have got to tell you something.

  • So we have stress on I. I have got. And  now we have an ending t and a beginning t,  

  • she is linking those with a single but clear  and fully released true t. Got to, got to.

  • I have got--

  • I have got to tell you something.

  • Got to. So the vowel in the word to  reduces to the schwa just like in today.  

  • That's not two day and this isn't twoThis is to. Got to tell you something.

  • got to tell you something.

  • I have got to tell you something. We have two  more stressed words here, we have to tell. Again,  

  • with a true t. So we have two true t's hereOne, linking got and to and one beginning the  

  • stressed word tell. Tell you something. So the  word something is stressed but any stressed  

  • word only has one stressed syllable. So thingstill unstressed, thing, thing, something.

  • got to tell you something.

  • The letter o in got it the ah as in father vowelThe letter oh in to is the schwa vowel and the  

  • letter o in something is the uh as in butter  vowel. Up here, the letter o was the o as in no  

  • diphthong. That is one of the things that is so  tricky about American English. The letters don't  

  • have just one sound that they can represent. It  makes both pronunciation and spelling tricky.

  • got to tell you something.

  • Let's just listen toto tell you something.”  and I want you to listen to the music of that.  

  • The up-down shapes of stress on tell and some.

  • to tell you something.

  • It almost feels like a song, doesn't it?

  • to tell you something.

  • Let's talk a little bit about the l in  the wordtell”. So that's a true t,  

  • e as in bed l. And when the l comes after the  vowel or diphthong in the syllable which here  

  • it's s so it comes after then it's calleddark l. And Americans usually don't lift their  

  • tongue tip for that dark l. They usually  make that sound a different way, uhl, uhl,  

  • with the back of the tongue so the tongue tip is  down. The back of the tongue presses down and back  

  • a little bit. uhl, uhl, uhl. And then we usually  don't lift the tongue tip. If the next word begins  

  • with a vowel or diphthong, then we might to  link in just like we did on the previous page.  

  • Here, when we were linking the word all and overit was a dark l because it's at the end of the  

  • word but because of the linking it feels like it's  the beginning of the word so we do lift the tongue  

  • tip in that case if it's linking into a vowel  or diphthong. But here, the next word is you,  

  • in this case that first sound is acting like  a consonant, sometimes the combination is  

  • more of a diphthong, here it's acting  more as a consonant, the y consonant,  

  • tell-you. So I'm making that smoothly with no  lift of the tongue tip. Tell. This sound here  

  • is the dark sound made with the back of the  tongue. Tell, uhl, uhl, uhl, uhl, uhl, uhl.  

  • If you're confused by the dark l,  it is a bit of a confusing sound,  

  • I do have some videos on it, you can look them  up on my Youtube channel.Tell you something.

  • to tell you something.

  • Now the th in something, that is an  unvoiced th so the tongue tip does  

  • have to come through the teeth thereDon't hold the air though or force it,  

  • thh, thhh. The air should be able to  move freely. Something, something.

  • you something.

  • You something.

  • What? What is it? What is it?

  • What? What is it? What is it?

  • What? Upward intonation, what? And those are  all stop t's so a t is a stop t, I said if  

  • it's followed by a consonant but also if  it's at the end of a sentence or thought  

  • group. Here it's the end. What? What? So  it's really common to make that a stop t  

  • so that's an abrupt stop of the  air without tt, that release.

  • What? What is it? What is it?

  • What is it? What is it? What  is it? What is it? So here,  

  • what is, both of those have stress on  is, what is it? That's a great little  

  • three-word phrase to practice, it has  one peak of stress. What, leads up to it.  

  • It falls away from it. And we have linking  ending consonant to beginning vowel.

  • What is it? What is it?

  • Also the h in what we usually  don't pronounce that at all.  

  • Some people could say what, what with  that little extra escape of air with a w,  

  • we write that in ipa with this little h before the  w but most Americans don't pronounce it that way  

  • anymore and we just make a clean w sound. WhatWhat? What is it? What is it linking consonant,  

  • that makes it a flap t, the ending  z into the it as in sit vowel. What  

  • is it. What is it? And a stop t at the end  because it's the end of the thought group  

  • so really smooth linking it should feel  just like one word what is it, what is it

  • What is it? What is it?

  • Oh my God, it's so huge.

  • Oh my God. This phrase usually we're going  to have stress on the first and last word, oh  

  • my God. And again the lettermaking the ah as in father vowel

  • Oh my God,

  • it's so huge.

  • And she doesn't put a brak here, she keeps going,  

  • the d links right into the  ih as in sit vowel. It's so.

  • Oh my God, it's so huge.

  • Oh my God, it's so huge. And then so and huge both  have stress and I want to point out we have an  

  • ending s, a beginning s, those link with a single  s sound. It's so, it's so, no break, all connected

  • Oh my God, it's so huge.

  • Huge. In American English, we don't drop this  this h but it's also not hh, very throaty,  

  • it's just hhh, a very light  escape of air. The letter u  

  • makes the u diphthong here, huge. And then  we end with the g sound, huge, huge, huge.

  • it's so huge.

  • But you just have to promise  me you cannot tell anyone.

  • So she goes all the way to here without  taking a breath without making a break.  

  • Everything links together even though  writing it out we would use some grammar  

  • punctuation like the period but she skips right  over that and talking there are no breaks here

  • But you just have to promise  me you cannot tell anyone.

  • But you just have to promise me. Wow, okay  so she says these words really quickly.  

  • A little bit of stress on you,  a little bit of stress of pro,  

  • but it's all said really quickly, isn't it? We  don't have that full engagement of the voice,  

  • we don't have full volume, we  don't have a lot of up-down melody.

  • But you just have to promise me--

  • But you just have to promise me. Wow, to say it  that quickly we have to simplify some so the word  

  • but, said so fast and the t combines with the  you, this happens, the ending t beginning y  

  • consonant into a ch so but you becomes  butchyou, butchyou, butchyou, butchyou.  

  • Helps us say that a little bit more quickly. But you

  • But you just have to promise me--

  • But you just have to. What else is happening  that helps us simplify and say this more quickly?  

  • The st consonant cluster, when this is followed  by a consonant. It's the most common pronunciation  

  • by far to drop the t. Just have, and that's what  she does. That also helps her say it more quickly.  

  • But you know what? Even in a stressed wordyou just have to. Even if I was going to stress  

  • just, if it's followed byconsonant, I do drop that t.

  • But you just have to promise me--

  • But you just have to promise me. But you just  have to, have to. So when have which is a v is  

  • followed by the word to which is pretty common, we  actually change the v to the f. have to, have to,  

  • have to. So it becomes ft schwa. Hafta, haftahafta, hafta, hafta. Low in pitch, said quickly,  

  • simply without much mouth movement. Have to, have  to, just have to, just have to, just have to.

  • But you just have to promise me--

  • But you just have to promise me. Promise  me, promise me, promise me, promise me.  

  • Not a lot of melody, pretty flatmostly an unstressed feeling.

  • you just have to promise me--

  • You cannot tell anyone.

  • Now, she slows down again and she brings  more stress into some of the words.

  • You cannot tell anyone.

  • You cannot tell anyone. Okay, I'm actually going  to write this out differently. I wrote can't,  

  • that's not what's she's saying. She's not  doing the contraction because she needs  

  • to stress it. That means she's not going  to contract, contract it, you cannot tell  

  • anyone. We have three syllables inrow, the two unstressed syllables at the  

  • end on anyone just come in as the voice  falls away from that stressed syllable.  

  • You, unstressed, leading up to  can't. Sorry, leading up to cannot.

  • You cannot tell anyone.

  • So she doesn't say cannot, she says  cannot, cannot. So we have k schwa  

  • and unstressed said more quickly. It's the  unstressed syllable here. Because she wants  

  • to stress not the negative. So we have you  can, you can, you can, you can, you can.

  • you can--

  • You can, you can, you can, you canyou can, you cannot, you cannot.

  • You cannot--

  • You cannot tell anyone.

  • You cannot tell. Again, she has an ending  t, a beginning t, she makes that a single  

  • but strong and clear true  t. Cannot tell, cannot tell.

  • cannot tell--

  • Anyone.

  • Cannot tell anyone.

  • So I'm trying to decide, do I think she's linking  the l into the eh vowel here, tell anyone, I don't  

  • really think so. Tell anyone, I think there's  just a slight lift there to bring more stress to  

  • the word. You cannot tell anyone. So make this  a dark l, tell, uhluhluhluhl, tell, uhluhluhl.  

  • Don't involve the tip of your tongue  there. You cannot tell anyone.

  • You cannot tell anyone.

  • And actually, as I'm listening again and more, I  do think anyone. She is also kind of emphasizing  

  • the last syllable here which would be a little  unusual, it's not very conversation but it's  

  • definitely bringing in her point normally  we would say anyone but she's saying anyone.  

  • Really stressing that. Not one person

  • You cannot tell anyone.

  • Oh no, no, no, no, no, no.

  • Oh no, oh no. Linked together, the word  no is stressed with that up-down shape,  

  • these are both oh diphthongs. Oh no.

  • Oh no

  • Oh no, no, no, no, no, no.

  • No, no, no, no, no, no. Then it's one stress  with the rest falling in to the way down. no,  

  • no, no, no, no. And the tongue is just  flipping up to the roof of the mouth and  

  • then right back down there, all connected  not separate words. No, no, no, no, no, no.

  • Oh no, no, no, no, no, no.

  • And when we're doing them like that in a string  not really saying the full diphthong each time

  • No, no, no, no, no, no, no. Then  it becomes more like the other no's  

  • are just schwa. No, no, no, no, no, no, no.

  • Oh no, no, no, no, no, no.

  • I don't want to know.

  • I don't want to know. So we have stress  on I and no. I don't want to know.

  • I don't want to know.

  • I actually going to change the way I'm writing  the stress on I. I think it's more of a going up.  

  • I don't want to know. And then curve up and down,  I'll know so don't want to, all that higher but  

  • flatter pitch. I don't want to, I don't want todon't want to, don't want to, don't want to, don't  

  • want to, don't want to. How is he making that  so fast. Well, an apostrophe t dropping the t.  

  • Want to, dropping the t's turning that into. Want  to, want to, want to, want, want to with a schwa.

  • I don't want to know.

  • I don't want to know. Dropping those true  t's definitely helps to smooth that out.  

  • Helps us say that phrase more  quickly. Now here the word no,  

  • that's the o diphthong, sounds just like this  word no, different spelling different words,  

  • same pronunciation, so the o diphthong  can be written o w, or just o.

  • I don't want to know.

  • There's so much to study in justfew lines of English, isn't there?  

  • Let's see the scene with  the analysis two more times.

  • Oh, Joey. I have such a problem.

  • Oh, well, your timing couldn't be better. I  am putting out fires all over the place today.

  • Okay, okay. Joey? I have  got to tell you something.

  • What? What? What is it, what is it?

  • Oh my God. It's so huge. But you just have  to promise meyou can't tell anyone.

  • Oh no, no, no. I don't want to know.

  • Oh, Joey. I have such a problem.

  • Oh, well, your timing couldn't be better. I am putting out fires all over the place today.

  • Okay, okay. Joey? I have got to tell you something

  • What? What? What is it, what is it?

  • Oh my God. It's so huge. But you just have to promise meyou can't tell anyone.

  • Oh no, no, no. I don't want to know.

  • If you like this kind of analysischeck out this playlist here on YouTube,  

  • or consider signing up for my Academy which has  over 150 of these kinds of pronunciation analyses  

  • along with all sorts of training that transforms  the voices and accents of my studentsgo to  

  • RachelsEnglishAcademy.com to learn moreDon't forget to subscribe here on YouTube,  

  • I love being your English teacher. That's itand thanks so much for using Rachel's English.

Some people might say Americans butcher the  pronunciation of English. We certainly do  

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A2 初級

THIS IS WHY IT’S SO DIFFICULT: How to Speak American English | Learn English with FRIENDS

  • 84 6
    sean zhang に公開 2022 年 04 月 19 日
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