字幕表 動画を再生する 字幕スクリプトをプリント 翻訳字幕をプリント 英語字幕をプリント You are not a person, you are a planet, made of roughly 40 trillion cells. あなたは人ではなく惑星だ There is so much of you, that if your cells were human-sized, 約40兆の細胞からできており you would be as big as 20 Mount Everests. For your creepy-crawly inhabitants, this makes your body an これが実に大量で 細胞を人間サイズにするならエベレスト20個分だ ecosystem, rich in resources and warmth and space. A perfect place to move into and have a family. ウジャウジャいる隣人にとって あなたはもはや生態系で While some of these guests are welcome, most are not. Your immune system is the guardian 資源、温かみ、空間が豊富にある of this planet, the force tasked with protecting yourself against the constant danger of invasion. 家族を作るための完璧な移住先だ Unfortunately your enemies in the tiny world have a huge advantage. 歓迎すべき来客もあるが ほとんどはお断りだ Consider the effort it takes to make a single copy of yourself and your trillions of cells. First you 免疫系はこの惑星の守護者であり need to find someone who thinks you are cute, date and be awkward and if things work out in a 絶え間ない侵略の危機からの 防衛を使命とする部隊だ complicated dance, two of your cells merge together. Then you need to wait for months 残念ながら、この小さな外敵には 大きなアドバンテージがある while the cell multiplies over and over until it is released into the world as a human being. 何兆もの細胞を持つ自分 その複製をつくる労力を考えよう And even then you only have a mini copy that needs years to become remotely useful. まず自分を可愛いと感じる誰かと出会い A bacterium consists of one cell. It can make a fully grown copy in about half an hour. デートして ギクシャクして A virus can turn into hundreds within hours and billions within days. 複雑なダンスを成功させ 2人の細胞を合体させる必要がある Your enemies multiply orders of magnitude faster than you. そしてこの細胞が何度も何度も増殖し 人間として世に出るまで何カ月も待つ必要がある Even worse, for a bacterium or virus your body is a hostile ecosystem そうして手に入れた小さな複製も 自立までに何年もかかるのだ applying selective pressure. Because they go through so many generations so quickly, eventually 細菌は単細胞生物で 30分ほどで成長済みの複製を得られる by pure chance, there will be an individual that mutates and adapts in just the right way 1つのウイルスは1時間で数百に 1日で数十億に増殖できる to resist your defenses and then multiply quickly again. In other words, you are facing a sheer あなたの敵は桁違いのスピードで増殖する endless variety of different enemies and you’re too slow to keep up with their evolution. しかも、細菌やウイルスにとって あなたの身体は選択圧をかける過酷な生態系だ This is bad. 彼らは世代が非常に早く進むため Luckily your immune system is just about the most amazing thing ever. The second most 最終的に全くの偶然で、あなたの防御機構に 適応できるよう変異した個体が出現し complex biological system known to us, after the human brain, and so sophisticated that we still また急速に増殖していく haven’t discovered all its secrets. Since it is so complicated we have to simplify and focus on つまり、限りなく多様な敵に直面しているのに one thing at a time. If you want the full story, wait for the announcement at the end of the video! それらの進化に追いつくには遅すぎるのだ Ok, so why are we not all killed by some new bacteria or virus? In a nutshell, これはマズい you actually have two immune systems, the innate and the adaptive immune system. 幸い、あなたの免疫系は これ以上なく素晴らしいものだ The innate immune system was ready when you were born. 脳に次いで複雑な生物システムであり It mostly consists of general purpose soldiers, we introduced them in the last immune video. あまりに洗練されているため いまだに全貌は明らかでない The adaptive immune system carries two types of cells T Cells and B Cells that are your super あまりに複雑なので、テーマを1つに絞り 単純化して伝える必要がある weapons and are incredibly effective and deadly for your enemies. These cells are complicated to 全貌を知りたいなら 動画終盤の告知をお楽しみに produce and take a lot of time to deploy but once they are ready, they pack a real punch. さて、なぜ新規の細菌やウイルスで 人類は全滅していないのか What makes your adaptive immune system so powerful is that it has the largest 一言でいうと、自然免疫と獲得免疫の 2つを持っているからだ library in the universe. It has an answer to everything. You have at least one of these 自然免疫は生まれたときから準備されており super weapon cells inside you to fight the black death, the corona virus and the first 前回の免疫動画で紹介したように 主に汎用の兵士で構成される deadly bacteria that will emerge in a city on Mars in one hundred years. This makes it 獲得免疫系はT細胞とB細胞の2つを持ち possible for you to counter the ability of bacteria and viruses to change so rapidly. これらが外敵にとって効果的かつ致命的な 超兵器なのだ How is this possible? To understand what is going on here, we need to take one step back. 製造が複雑で 展開にも時間がかかるが All organisms on earth are made from the same basic parts, ひとたび準備が整うと 実に大きな戦力となる mostly proteins. Proteins are the building blocks of life 獲得免疫系が強力なのは 宇宙最大のライブラリがあるからだ and can have billions of different shapes - you can imagine them as 3D puzzle pieces. そこには全てへの答えがある There are billions of different puzzle pieces your enemies can use to construct their bodies. 最低でも1つは黒死病やコロナウイルスへの 超兵器となる細胞がある Why is this important? Because proteins are in a way the “language” of the microworld. 100年後の火星で生じる 初の致命的な細菌に対してもだ Cells don’t have eyes or ears, so to tell friend from foe, they have to touch them and recognize 獲得免疫により、細菌やウイルスの 急速な変異能力に対抗できるのだ if their protein is part of a friend or part of an enemy. Recognizing means that cells have countless なぜそれが可能なのか? tiny devices called receptors, that are able to connect with a specific protein puzzle piece. 事態を理解するには 一歩引いた視点が必要だ So your cells have tiny puzzle pieces on their outsides that are able to click together, 地球上のあらゆる生物は 主にタンパク質という共通の部品で出来ている or recognize other protein puzzle pieces. When a cell connects together with a protein タンパク質は生命の建築材であり 数十億通りもの形状がありえる and recognizes it as “enemy”, it knows that it has to attack. 3Dパズルのピースを想像するといい Only if your cells can make this distinction between friend or foe 外敵は何十億通りものピースから 身体を作れる is your immune system able to fight an invader. それがなぜ重要か? But since there are billions of possible protein puzzle pieces, ミクロの世界では タンパク質が「言語」だからだ this means there are billions of possible enemy puzzle pieces. This is also one of the reasons 細胞には目も耳もないので 敵と味方を見分けるには we still have to deal with diseases like the flu each year – the influenza virus mutates 触れてみて、そのタンパク質が味方の一部か 敵の一部なのかを認識する必要がある very rapidly and so the proteins that make up its hull constantly change a tiny bit. 細胞には受容体という無数の小さな装置があり 特定のタンパク質と結びつき、認識できるのだ The soldiers of your innate immune system have a large number of the puzzle pieces for common つまり、細胞の外には 小さなパズルのピースがあり bacteria and viruses memorized, that’s why they are your all purpose weapons. But they are 接続したり 合致しないピースだと認識したりしている ineffective against many billions of mutations and adaptations that your enemies can develop. 細胞があるタンパク質と接続し それが「敵」だと認識すると So the reason you are still alive is that your Adaptive immune system is able to recognize 攻撃が必要だと知るのだ between one billion and ten billion different enemy protein puzzle pieces, which is enough このように敵と味方の識別ができて初めて 免疫系は侵入者と戦えるのだ to be prepared for every possible enemy. But how is this possible? How could your immune しかし、タンパク質の形状が何十億通りもあるなら 敵のパズルピースも何十億通りにもなる system possibly have this much of a variety to be prepared for every possible protein puzzle piece? これは、インフルエンザなどに対し 未だに毎年の対処が必要な理由になっている Well, the cells of your adaptive immune system found a cheat code: mixing and matching their own インフルエンザウイルスの変異は極めて急速で その外殻となるタンパク質は常に少しづつ変化する genetic code to create this stunning variety of receptors. The details are way too complicated for 自然免疫の兵士たちは一般的な細菌とウイルスの パズルピースを記憶しており this video but in a nutshell, your adaptive immune cells have official permission to take a tiny part だからこそ汎用兵器となっている of their own genetic code and mix it in random ways to create billions of different receptors. だが、敵が開発する何十億という 変異と適応には無力だ A good way to explain this is by asking you to imagine an army of cooks, with each だから、あなたがまだ存命なのは of them wanting their own special recipe. They have 100 different ingredients to choose from. 獲得免疫が10億~100億のタンパク質による ピースを認識できており Each ingredient stands for one tiny piece of genetic code in this metaphor. あらゆる敵に備えるのに十分だからだ So each cook takes a few random ingredients and randomly mixes them together. でもどうやって? Maybe Tomato, Chicken, Rice and half an onion as entree, 免疫系が、想定される全てのパズルピースに備え これほどの種類を準備できるのはなぜだろうか Marshmallow, Pepper, Strawberries and a quarter banana as a dessert. 獲得免疫の細胞はチートコードを発見したのだ Or Cucumber, Beef, Potatoes and two carrots, 自身の遺伝コードを混ぜ合わせ 驚くほど多様な受容体を作り出すのだ and blueberries, chocolate and cream with a pinch of cinnamon. 複雑なので詳細は省くが 簡単にいうと Even with slight variation and with only 100 ingredients, 獲得免疫は許可を得ているのだ there are billions of possible recipes. And likewise, with just a small selection 遺伝コードのごく一部をランダムに混ぜ 何十億種類もの受容体をつくって良いと of gene fragments, your cells create billions of receptors. The details of this are so cool 説明にあたり コックの軍隊を想像してほしい that they should get their own video – or their own chapter in a book. In any case, それぞれ固有のレシピを欲しがっていて by mixing up gene fragments, you get up to ten billion different combinations. So in the end, 100種類の食材を選択できる you get billions of immune cells, and each of them has one specific and unique receptor – the この比喩では 食材が遺伝コードの断片を意味している dish from our metaphor – that is able to recognize one specific protein puzzle piece. 各コックはいくつかの食材をランダムにとり 混ぜ合わせる In total, you end up with at least one cell for every enemy that could possibly exist. トマト、鶏肉、米、玉ねぎ1/2玉の アントレだったり But here we run into a pretty dangerous problem – if your adaptive immune system is making マシュマロ、コショウ、イチゴ、バナナ1/4本の デザートかも weapons that can attack every possible protein puzzle piece in the universe… キュウリ、牛肉、ジャガイモ、人参×2 だったり wouldn’t it also make some that can attack your own cells? Yes, it happens all the time. ブルーベリー、チョコレート、クリームに ひとつまみのシナモン This is so fundamentally dangerous to your survival that you have a whole たった100種類の食材でも 何十億通りものレシピが考えられる organ that does nothing but work on preventing this: The Murder University of your Thymus. 同様に、遺伝子断片の選択肢がわずかでも 何十億という受容体を作り出せるのだ Your Thymus is a chicken wing sized organ above your heart and you've probably never heard of この詳細はあまりに見事で 単品の動画にするか it. Interestingly, your thymus is one of the reasons why your immune system weakens as you age, 本の一章とすべきだろう because it is in a constant state of decline once you reach puberty. But what does the Thymus do? とにかく、遺伝子断片を混ぜ合わせ 最大で100億通りの組み合わせができる In your murder university, your immune system is putting your adaptive immune cells 最終的に、固有の受容体を持つ 何十億もの免疫細胞が得られ through an intense and deadly curriculum. Basically it is showing them all sorts of 特定のタンパク質のピースを 認識できるようになる protein puzzle pieces that are used by your own cells to see how they react. こうして存在しうる全ての外敵に対し 最低でも1つは免疫細胞を準備できる When a young cell recognizes a body puzzle piece and wants to attack it, the teacher cells order だがここで かなり危険な問題が出てくる them to kill themselves and they are eaten up and recycled. The immune system is so particular 獲得免疫が宇宙のあらゆるタンパク質の ピースを攻撃できる武器を作るなら about this process that around 98% of your adaptive immune cells that enter murder university 自身の細胞を攻撃する武器も 作ってしまうのでは? die there. 2% graduate and get to do their job of protecting you for real. うん、日常茶飯事です If this process goes wrong and cells escape that can recognize your own protein puzzle pieces, あなたの生存を本質的に脅かすので this can lead to autoimmune disease, where your immune system attacks your own body この対処に特化した器官が存在する from the inside. Andt this, again is another story for another time. 胸腺、いわば殺人大学だ Ok, let us summarize. Your immune system has two parts, one that defends you right after 胸腺は心臓の上にある 手羽先サイズの臓器で birth and one that carries the largest library of superweapons in the universe きっと聞いたことはないだろう but needs to boot up first. To create billions of different superweapons, your adaptive immune 興味深いことに、加齢に伴う免疫力低下の 原因の一つが胸腺で cells recombine a part of their genetic code to create a breathtaking variety of attack weapons. 思春期以降は常に弱り続ける Then they enter a murder university that only 2% survive to make sure they do not attack you. And しかし、胸腺の役割とは? then you end up with billions of different cells, that in total are able to protect you against この殺人大学では、強烈で命がけなカリキュラムで 獲得免疫細胞を鍛えている every possible enemy in the universe. Now wait a second. If this is all true, 基本的に、あらゆるタンパク質のピースをみせ その反応をうかがっている why do we get sick at all? Why was a new disease like Covid-19 able to kill millions of people? 若い細胞が、あなたの身体のパズルピースを 攻撃しようとすると Well everything we just learned about is just a tiny, tiny window into the amazing struggle for 教師役の細胞が自殺を命じ 食べてリサイクルされる life and death that plays out every day inside your body and there are so many amazing details 免疫システムはこの過程を強く重視しており and questions here: How does your body actually find the right cell in time to protect you? 殺人大学に入学した獲得免疫細胞の約98%は そこで死んでいる How do your enemies fight back and overcome your immune system anyway? 2%の卒業生が あなたの守護者として実際に働きだす And what about all the things that did not fit in this video? ミスがあり、あなたの身体のピースを 認識する細胞が逃げ出したなら Well, today finally marks the release of “Immune – A Journey Into the Mysterious System that Keeps 免疫系が自身を内部から攻撃する 自己免疫疾患となる可能性がある You Alive”, written by Philipp Dettmer, the founder and head writer of Kurzgesagt. これについても、また別の機会に紹介したい First we had to push the release back because of cargo trouble and then because so さて、まとめよう many of you pre-ordered that we didn’t have enough copies for the original launch day! 免疫系には2つあり Thank you so, so much for that! 1つは生まれた直後からあなたを守り Immune tells the epic story of your immune system and will forever change もう1つは宇宙最大の超兵器ライブラリを持つが how you think about your own body, how you experience being sick and healthy. まず起動する必要がある The book is written to be as fun and easy to grasp as Kurzgesagt videos but it is able to dive way 数十億種類もの超兵器を作るため、 獲得免疫細胞は遺伝子コードの一部を組み替える deeper iinto its subject. So go on a journey through the hidden microverse within yourself. そして卒業率2%の殺人大学に入学し Witness deadly wars between billions of invaders and cells, learn how your immune system actually あなたを攻撃しないようにする works and protects you from cuts, cancer and Covid. Never before have we so urgently needed 最終的に数十億種類もの細胞ができあがり 宇宙で生じうる全ての敵からあなたを守るのだ to learn about how immunity works. Immune is fun and great to look at and it even smells good. ちょっと待って Follow the link in the description to order it today. これが本当ならなぜ病気にかかるのか? This is the end of a decade-long personal journey working on this, COVID-19のような新しい病気が なぜ数百万という命を奪えたのか? thank you all so, so much for your support. And thank you for watching. And reading. ここまでの内容は、体内で日々行われている 生死をかけた脅威の戦いのほんの1場面に過ぎない
A1 初級 日本語 米 免疫 細胞 ピース タンパク 獲得 パズル You Are Immune Against Every Disease 181 11 吳沛葳 に公開 2022 年 01 月 24 日 シェア シェア 保存 報告 動画の中の単語