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  • "One of these days" — one of these, one off these days, one of these day. Yeah,

  • that is kind of tricky, isn't it? Hi, James from engVid. Got a problem. I've

  • had students asking about the pronunciation difference between "of"

  • and "off". And what the words actually means; it's not as simple. It's a

  • homophone, kinda; homonym, definitely. We're going to go to the board and

  • figure out the differences. Why? Well, pronunciation isn't just it sounds

  • different; they actually have different meanings, and will affect the sentence,

  • or what you're trying to convey or tell someone else. So, why is it important?

  • For clarity when we're speaking or when we're reading, and it will help you, you

  • know, without expanding your vocabulary, make you... Well, it's like having a

  • pocket knife; it will make you much more functional. And that's a good thing,

  • right? Okay, so how I'm going to do this for you is we'll go through

  • pronunciation of just a quick one, then I'll talk about the reductionwe call

  • it reduction of "of", the preposition "of" — and I'll talk about how one...

  • Well, let's go to the board and do it, shall we? We'll go through it.

  • So, I'm going to start off by saying: "of" or "off". Let's start with the

  • beginning "of" — it has, like, a "v" sound. So, there is a different... a

  • definitive difference in the sound. This is a "v" sound; it sounds like that:

  • "vvv". The bottom lip goes to the teeth: "vvv", because it vibrates. You hear

  • that? Vibrate. "Vvv". Okay? And with "off", I like to say this: "Off" has one

  • extra "f" to remind you to say: "fff" — the "f" sound. So, instead of: "vvv",

  • the same position and vibratingthat extra "f" reminds me it's an "f", so I

  • have to go: "fff", as in: "free" or "Frank". Cool? Well, this one doesn't

  • have that extra "f", so I know it's a: "vvv" sound, like: "vibrate" or "visit".

  • That'll make it a bit easy. And then at the end, I'm going to go over what we

  • call the reduction of "of", which gives you a little bit more to play with to

  • get much more like a native speaker. All right? But let's go through this.

  • They're both prepositions, to start off with. So, that is one thing they have in

  • common, and that's what leads to some confusion because if you do not

  • pronounce... pronounce it properly, you probably aren't aware when you're

  • writing it down, because they're both prepositions, that you're using them

  • incorrectly. Now, with "of", it's strict-... it's strictly a preposition

  • all the way down. "Off" is a prepositionwe use it in phrasal verbsbut it

  • also has adverbial and an adjective meaning, and we'll go over all of those

  • together. But let's start over here. Now that we've got it down that what they

  • sound like; the difference, and we're saying they're both prepositions, let's

  • go through... see how this is further a preposition, and the differences we'll

  • find on "off". Okay?

  • So, "of" is a preposition expressing a relationship or a connection between

  • things; so, they go together. And you can use it like this, an example would

  • be a bottle on a capthere's a connection. This is very different from

  • this, but one twist of the lid, and I can carry my drink because of the

  • connection that they make. And that's what "of" doesit shows us connections

  • between things. Now, in this case, it expresses relationship. So, we can say:

  • "the husband of my friend". Right? I know many people, but this is the

  • husband of my friend. That's the connectionfriendship, and they're

  • married. Next: "It's on the top of the page." Well, when you have a book or a

  • magazine, if it's on the top of the page, it's connected. Right? The words

  • are on the page; the top of the page. So, we've demonstrated relationship

  • here, and connection here. What else?

  • We can indicate material. What does that mean? Well, things are not just things;

  • they're made of things. For instance, when I showed you the water, the water

  • is made... this water bottle is "made of plastic". The material is plastic. "It's

  • made of plastic." I can also say, because I think I've had that one there:

  • "It's made of glass." I can also say something, a small piece could be: "a

  • piece of glass". Because there is a lot of glass in the universe, this is one

  • piece. I usually like to say when we talk about relationship, and this goes

  • something of material, that when you say: "of", it's one piece of a larger

  • thing. In this case, in the relationship, there's two people, so

  • it's a larger thing and they're connected; relationship. In this... in

  • this case, glass — "made of glass" — there's glass in the universe, and this

  • thing is made of some of that glass; one piece or some of that. Okay?

  • We can also use "of" to express direction. This is a strange one because

  • a lot of students aren't aware of it, but if I go: "It's north of the city",

  • or east... In this case, I say: "north of the highway". So, if the highway's

  • here, keep going this waythat's where I live; "north of the highway". And if I

  • say: "east of something", I might go: "Oh, go east of..." So, "east of th

  • city" — you find the location, city, g east of that direction, so go aroun

  • that corner. So, we use it t indicate... express direction, we us

  • "of" to indicate what type of materia something is — "made of cotton". Okay

  • As I showed: "made of plastic". W expressed relationships: "my... a frien

  • of my brother's" — right? — or we ca show a connection: "on the top of th

  • page". And that's when we use "of". An remember, because it only has one "f"

  • we use the "v" sound for "vibrate" it's in the same position as the "f'

  • but we vibrate it instead of: "fff", le the air flow. Cool? All right

  • "Off", "off", "soft". A soft "f" sound; not like the bad "f" word. I knew you

  • were going there. It's a preposition. So, how does it work as a preposition?

  • When we use it as a preposition, it expresses: "away from" or "down". So,

  • I'm hereit'd be away from or down. Okay? So: "It rolled off the table."

  • Okay? So, when something rolls off the table, it's going away from the table.

  • In this case, it's not only just going away from the table, it's going down.

  • So, I've connected the two of them. I wish I could turn off that extra sound

  • that just happened. Anyway. Next.

  • We also can use it as an adverb. And an adverb, as you know, is how something is

  • done. So: "he took off his coat", we actually mean: "he removed it". So, he

  • moved it; removed it from himself. "He took off his coat" and that's the

  • adverbial or an example of an adverb that you'll use. What about an

  • adjective? And this is interesting, because people who are native speakers,

  • you know, in Australia, or Canada, and whatnot, they know this, but it would...

  • I understand it sounds strange to somebody who English isn't their first

  • language. Because: "a bit off", what does that mean? Well, this is describing

  • something. And it means it's not... When we talk about: "food is a bit off", it

  • means the food isn't at its perfect state; maybe it's a little bit bad. So,

  • the milk: "Oo, it's a bit off." It's not any good.

  • Now, a person can be "a bit off". It's like: "I'm feeling a bit off today",

  • meaning: "I don't feel very good. I'm not feeling my normal self." Now, if

  • that extends to: I'm not doing, you know, my usual self with a job I'm doing

  • when my whole day is like that, I can say: "I'm having an off day." So, if

  • you've got a... Michael Jordan, I can at least say that because he was the

  • greatestprobably isbasketball player. If he's having an "off day", he

  • may not get 50 or 60 points, or 100 points; maybe he only gets 10 points.

  • So, he's "having an off day". Now, here's the funny thing: I can feel "a

  • bit off", like, I don't feel so good today, but still have a good day. But by

  • saying: "I'm a bit off" means I'm not feeling my normal self. To have the "off

  • day", remember, it means the whole day is not going well. And don't forget: You

  • can also use this for food. "That tastes a little bit off, smells a bit off" — it

  • means it doesn't... it's not really good. Something's wrong; it's not at its

  • perfect state, or a good state to eat.

  • Now, I'm going to give you something, as I said, to help you further

  • differentiate, because we have the reduction of "of". I kept it at the end

  • because I want to make sure you get the meanings, because if you get that...

  • thisyou're doing pretty well. And if you could say: "one of this" or "one of

  • that", it's okay. But seeing as I'm here to help you out, because I like you, I

  • wanted to give you something a little bit better and show you when native

  • speakers take "of" and they change it. Now, there's an old Three Musketeers

  • thing, and it goes: "All for one, and one for all". And "all for one" means,

  • like, everybody in the groupright? — will support one person, and "one for

  • all" — that person in the group will help... one person will help support the

  • group.

  • I've got a really corny, stupid saying, but I was thinking about it and it goes

  • like this: "'v' for 'vowel' and 'a' for 'fff'". That's why it's Three

  • Musketeers; they didn't invite me to the party. Okay? So, what do I mean by that?

  • Well, in the reduction, what happens is when you have a vowel that follows "of"

  • okay? — so, I'll give you an example here, because I wrote one on the board.

  • You can see this, but you won't see it unless I do this. So: "one ov ours".

  • That's really this: "one of ours". Okay? But because a vowel follows hereokay?

  • in English, we reduce it to: "one ov ours", "one ov ours". "That soldier,

  • he's one ov ours." Okay? It's reduced to a "v", or the "v" sound from "of", and

  • that's why I started with that in the first place. I needed to get that in

  • your head, so when I do this, you'll go: "Okay, I got it."

  • So, what's the "'v' for 'vowel' and 'a' for 'vvv'"? Well, I kind of lied. Now,

  • watch this. If it's followed by not just the "t–⁠h" I said the "t–⁠h", because

  • basically every "t–⁠h" will work with this rule. But if it's got a consonant

  • after, so that could be: "b", "c", or "d" — any consonantit changes to an

  • "a" sound. So, we say: "one a them". Right? "He's one ov ours, and she's one

  • a them." You go: "What? But that has nothing to do with..." Yeah, but that's

  • how we do itwe do reduction. I have a video where I talk about listening

  • skills, and how you have to watch for reduction in words. And also, you have

  • to watch out for joining words; linking words. It seems the same, but it's not.

  • In this case, there's not a linking; there's a reduction. And sometimes the

  • linking and reduction go together. I know, nightmare. That's why it's

  • difficult to learn listening in English, but it's paying attention to things like

  • this that will help you.

  • See, when I'm teaching you to say: "of", I want you to say: "one of them". You

  • need the practice of proper pronunciation. Okay? You do. What I'm

  • teaching you, this reduction, is because you need to be able to understand a

  • Canadian, or American, or British speaker when they speakyou think

  • quickly, but it's not. You're kind of right; it's quick because they do these

  • reductions that you're not doing. So, by making you say this, you'll be clearly

  • understood, which is what you really want. You don't want people saying:

  • "What? What did you say?" By teaching you to do this, you won't be going: "I

  • don't understand. Can you repeat? Can you repeat?" because it's a native

  • speaker of English.

  • A native speaker in any language finds it really kind of annoying when they

  • have to repeat themselves over, and over, and over again. So, I'm going to

  • reduce that for you by teaching you this reduction, so that people will like to

  • speak to you wherever they're from, simply because they're not repeating

  • themselves over and over. Cool? So, now you know my little secret. And what is

  • it? It is... Right? "v" for vowels. If it's... if the "of" is followed by a

  • vowel, you put "v", and "a" forand I said "the", but you know, really, it

  • means consonantif the word is followed, if "of" is followed by a

  • consonant word, then you put the "a" instead. In the examples I gave you,

  • they were almost the same: "One ov ours, one a them", and you can literally see

  • what I'm talking about. Speaking of "literally see", I want to literally see

  • if you understand what I taught you, and we're going to have a test. And what of

  • it? Hey, yeah. (snaps)

  • And we're back. Viva Las Vegas. The first question on the board. So, it's

  • time to do the test. Now, we're going to do two parts of this. The first we're

  • going to put: What is the correct prepositionis it "of" with one "f" or

  • "off"? And if you remember what I said, the second "f" reminds you to go: "fff".

  • Like: "fff it". Playing with you. Okay, so with a double "f" will be that soft

  • sound, and the single "f" would be the "v" sound, or what? It could be an "a"

  • sound. We talked about the reduction, remember? So, if a vowel follows "of",

  • we're going to use the "v" sound; and if it's a consonant, we're going to use the

  • "a" sound. And we're going to work on that because I'm going to fill it in,

  • and you're going to try and figure out what the reduction would be, and

  • whether... whether it's an adverb, or a preposition, or an adjective. Remember?

  • Remember that "of" is usuallyno, sorryalways a preposition; and then

  • when we use "off", it can be adverb, adjective, or preposition. Let's go to

  • the board.

  • First question, as I said, Viva Las Vegas. "Toronto is north ____ Las

  • Vegas." That's right. "North of Las Vegas." And would that be...? And that's

  • with one "f", right? "North of Las Vegas". And would that be an adverb,

  • preposition? Okay, you're already ahead of me. Right? It is a preposition.

  • Right? We talked about directiondirection using... we can use the

  • preposition "of" for direction. What's the next one? "I didn't play well. I'm

  • having an ____". That whining, it's my belly. I need food. "I'm having an off

  • day." I'm hungry. See? That: "Wanh, wanh, wanh, wanh, wanh". That's the

  • "o-f-f", "off", "soft". Right? An "off day". And what would that be? Would this

  • be adjective, adverb, or preposition? That's rightit's describing the type

  • of day, so we're looking at an adjective. It's an adjective.

  • And I got a quick quiz for you. How can we reduce this one up here? How would we

  • reduce it? Yeah, it would be: "northa Las Vegas. Northa, northa", with the "a"

  • sound because this is a consonant. Good. You're learning — I like that. Let's do

  • number three. "He took ____ his hat in the restaurant." Oo, that's an ugly

  • sentence. So, what did we say? "He took his hat in his restaurant"? "took off".

  • Now, what is that: "to take off your hat", that would be, what? We did an

  • example earlier. That's right, "to remove", and removing is a way of doing

  • something — a verb describing, so it would be an adverb. I like this. I like

  • this. We're getting there.

  • Now, number four. "I would love a glass ____". "of milk". Right? A "glass of

  • milk" showing a relationship or a connection. Right? Glass with milk. And

  • what would that be? Yep, because we know this one is a preposition. And finally,

  • Piglet. I love Winnie the Poohone of my favourite booksby A. A. Milne. And

  • Piglet's got a house. What's Piglet's house made of? -"I don't know, Pooh.

  • What's the house be made of?" -"Here, Piglet". "Piglet's house was made of",

  • whoop. I almost told ya. Hahaha. Yeah, you got it right. "It's made of wood".

  • Remember we talked about what type of material something's made of? "made of

  • wood", so we know the material it's made of. And that's also a preposition. Okay.

  • And how would you say that, because this has a consonant after that? Would it be

  • "made v" or "made a wood"? Yeah. A North American or Eur-... Sorry. An

  • English-speaking, native English-speaking person goes: -"It's

  • made a wood." -"What's the house made of?" -"It's made a wood." Good. So, now

  • we've done our reduction. We remember whether it's a preposition, or it's

  • adverbial, or it's an adjective. We've worked in all of that. I want to give

  • you some other things with "of" and "off", that are in English. And I'm

  • going to explain. There are simpler ways of saying some of these, but you may run

  • into people saying it and you should know what they are. Okay?

  • So, the first one we're going to look at "of": "out of". "out of" really means

  • "out" because it's the opposite of "in". So, "out of" means... is the opposite of

  • "in". And people will say, like: "Get out of the rain. Get out of the rain."

  • You can say... Well, it's really difficult to say anything. It's so, so

  • customary for us to say: "Get out ov the car". Right? "Get out of the car", that

  • "out" and "of" go together. We got these two prepositions to tell us: Well, it's

  • the opposite of "in". So, you don't just say "out", you say: "out of". Cool?

  • Opposite of "in". Next: "off of". Now, this is okay to say, but please do not

  • put it in formal writing. It's... a lot of people say it and there are times we

  • say it when we want to make emphasis. Example: You have a little boy or girl

  • on the table, and they're dancing on your kitchen table, you say: "Hey! Get

  • off of the table!" You should just say: "Get off the table." Right? But "getting

  • off of the table" gives it a little bit more umph. Like: "Get off of the table".

  • "Get off of my back". "Get off my back" is simple enough, but some people will

  • say this to put some emphasis on it. And it is the opposite of "on". If you're on

  • the table: "get off of the table". Okay? Opposite of "on".

  • And, finally: "offed". This is a weird one. Not really weird. You'll see it in

  • a lot of police movies or dramas, it's like: "He was offed by the criminal."

  • You go: "What do you mean, 'offed'?" Remember we say: "off" is the opposite

  • of "on"? Well, when you kill somebody; first I'm alive — I'm onyou kill me,

  • I'm off. So: "The criminal offed the snitch." If you don't know what a

  • "snitch" is, a "snitch" is someone, if we... they tell the police what criminal

  • activities someone has done. They snitch. It doesn't always have to be a,

  • you know, a police thing. You could have a friend who snitched on you to your

  • girlfriend, and they told that you were at the club drinking. And you go: "Why

  • did you snitch on me?" Right? So, in this case: "The criminal offed the

  • snitch" — the snitch told somebody he shouldn't have spoken to, and he got

  • killed. So, this is your bonusgiving you three ways you may say "off" that

  • isn't quite in the preposition, adjective, adverb way I've taught you,

  • but in colloquial or common speech. You like that? Good. I try to deliver

  • because you guys deserve it. All right?

  • As... as I wrap this up, or you know, before I get out of here, I would like

  • to give you a quiz. Before I do that, I want to say thank you, as always. Thank

  • you for being part of this. I don't always say it every video, but I try to.

  • I appreciate that you take the time to study with me and with engVid. Okay? And

  • never... I never stop appreciating that. So, in saying that, I'm giving you

  • homework. It's like: "What!? How...? That's not a thank you!" It isyou get

  • to practice, and practice again when I get back in a second. But first, your

  • first question is: "They killed" something and I want you to use either

  • the preposition "of" or the preposition "off" to finish this statement. "They

  • killed" somethingone of these — "all of the animals in the rain forest." I've

  • given you a little bit of a help. Because I'm not a bad guy, I've helped

  • you a little bit. You're going to have to figure that out. And then I want you

  • to put down: Is it a preposition, is it an adverb, or is it a...? Sorry.

  • Preposition, adverb, or adjective. Okay? So, put the answer, and then beside it

  • put: "adjective", "preposition", or "adverb".

  • Next: "She is the top ____ her class." Once again, you're going to put in the

  • proper prepositionif it's "off" or "of"— and then you're going to put down

  • if this is adverb, or adjective, or prep-... Sorry. Adverb, preposition, or

  • adjective. Now, for this particular quiz, because this is a little bit

  • difficult, I'm going to say: This quiz is worth 1,000 points for each one you

  • get correct. Yay! And I would like you to put it in the comments below, whether

  • that's on YouTube or on engVid. A lot of students give you the thumbs up or the

  • thumbs down, and you get to know, you know, how good you actually are. If you

  • want to take one step further, make a few sentences using the different

  • meanings that I taught you in this particular lesson.

  • Now, to finish off my gift to you, because I love you so much, I want you

  • to go to www. "eng" as in English, "vid" as in video.com, where there will be

  • another question, another, other quest-, quiz and other great teachers for you to

  • learn from. Hope you've enjoyed this lesson. And am I missing anything? Yes,

  • I got a quote for this. If you remember what I talked about "of" it shows about

  • relationship between things, like materials, peoples, and whatnothere's

  • my quote: "A great relationship is about two things. First, it's appreciating the

  • similarities between things; and second, it's about respecting the differences."

  • I hope you take that quote, not just from the lesson I produce, showing how

  • there is a connection, but take that great relationship, and the respect, and

  • the appreciation in the relationships you have with the people you know. All

  • right? And actually, some people you don't knowmake the world a better

  • place. Anyway, it's been fun. It's my time off. Ah, no reduction. See you.

"One of these days" — one of these, one off these days, one of these day. Yeah,

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A2 初級

Basic English: OF & OFF

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    Summer に公開 2021 年 10 月 30 日
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