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Overnight shipping is an absolute masterpiece of logistics that happens every single

night.

It may not be cheap, but you can get a package shipped from Miami, Florida on a Monday

night to Anchorage, Alaska, by 8:30 AM on Tuesday.

In fact, you can even ship a package, for example, from Edinburgh, Scotland on a Tuesday

and have the package arrive in Anchorage, Alaska by 9am on Wednesday.

The speed and efficiency of these worldwide delivery networks is

mind-blowing and it all happens while we sleep.

The three major consumer courier companies are FedEx, DHL, and UPS and each is as

impressive as the last.

FedEx has more planes than Emirates, Etihad, and Qatar Airways

combined; DHL delivers to every country in the world including North Korea; and UPS flies

to more than double as many destinations as the

largest passenger airline.

Each has a global network that allows for lightning fast shipping

at relatively low prices.

Behind all this speed are enormous air networks that connect the entire

world daily.

Each of these three operates hundreds of flights nightly, but FedEx is the best

example since their operations make them the largest

cargo airline in the world.

They have 650 planes flying to 400 destinations carrying 6 million

packages every single day and the vast majority of these flights operate to or from one of

their hub airports.

FedEx's hub airports are spread out all across the world and serve as sorting points

where packages are transferred from one plane to

another.

They has hubs in Singapore, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Seoul, Osaka, Anchorage, Oakland,

Dallas, Indianapolis, Greensboro, Miami, Newark, Toronto, Paris, Cologne, Milan, and Dubai,

but the most important hub of all is the one in

Memphis, Tennessee because that's their SuperHub.

Memphis is not a huge city—only about 650,000 people live there—but the reason FedEx

centers their worldwide operations in this city is because of it's location.

Memphis is not actually in the geographic center of the US as might

make sense, but it is central.

You see, only about 200 miles away in Wright County, Missouri is the

mean population center of the US.

This is the average location of every resident in the

US meaning that the FedEx SuperHub in Memphis is

the best location to reach the most people in the shortest amount of time.

For similar reasons, UPS has their equivalent global hub, Worldport,

nearby in Louisville, Kentucky.

The scale of FedEx and UPS' operations in these relatively

small cities is staggering.

This is the size of the commercial terminal at Memphis Airport while

this is the size of FedEx's Superhub.

The difference at Louisville airport is even more

pronounced where this is the commercial terminal and this is UPS' worldport.

You can't even fly to the west coast non-stop on a commercial airline

from Louisville and yet UPS flies from this small city to five different continents.

FedEx's operations in Memphis, meanwhile, make this

airport the second busiest cargo airport in the

world above those of enormous cities like Tokyo, Paris, Dubai, Shanghai, and falling

short only to Hong Kong.

How the FedEx superhub really works is that every night, about 150 planes fly in from

all around the world between the hours of 10pm

and 1am.

Immediately upon arrival, the planes are unloaded and their packages are put into the

hub's automated sorting system.

Within only 15 minutes, each package arrives at a staging

area for its next flight where it's loaded into

containers.

Planes therefore can start taking off again at 2am and continue to until 4am which

means that everywhere in the US can have a FedEx plane arriving by 6am, but there are

some destinations that don't ship enough packages

to need a non-stop flight to Memphis.

To get to small towns fast, FedEx runs flights in small

propeller aircraft from the destinations of their

larger jets.

Presque Isle, Maine, for example, is far too small of a town at about 10,000 residents

to fill a full-size plane so, every morning, once the larger planes from Memphis arrive

in Manchester, New Hampshire and Portland, Maine,

packages bound for Presque Isle are sorted into smaller prop planes that continue north.

With this system, even small towns like Presque Isle

get their packages by 9am as every spoke in the system essentially functions as a mini-hub.

Packages are transferred from planes, to smaller planes, to trucks to reach their destination

as fast as possible.

Now, it's important to note that not every FedEx package runs through Memphis.

That would be incredibly inefficient if a customer

wanted to, for example, ship a package from Phoenix, Arizona to Seattle, Washington.

While only 1,100 miles separate Seattle from Phoenix,

a routing through Memphis would total over 3,000 miles and six hours in flight.

The package would still make it overnight, but FedEx would

be wasting fuel carrying that package an extra 1,900 miles, so that's why they have secondary

hubs.

In this case, FedEx's Oakland hub has flights to both Phoenix and Seattle so the

package would take a relatively efficient 1,300 mile

routing.

Memphis essentially serves as the backup hub in case there's not a more efficient

routing.

The secondary hubs, such as Oakland, in general have flights to destinations that are

already served by flights to Memphis, but the destinations from Oakland are high demand

destinations that will ship enough packages solely to the west coast to fill entire planes

to Oakland.

Some destinations, such as Albuquerque, New Mexico, ship enough packages to fill

entire planes to Memphis, but not enough to fill flights to Oakland with west coast bound

packages so a package shipped from here to the west coast would likely take a rather

inefficient routing backtracking to Memphis.

But FedEx's most ingenious hub is here in Anchorage, Alaska.

Anchorage, with fewer than 300,000 residents, is home to the forth

busiest cargo airport in the world.

This is, once again, thanks to geography.

If you draw a straight line from FedEx's Memphis hub to the one in

Osaka, taking into account earth's curvature, it goes directly over Anchorage, Alaska.

This airport is just the perfect stop-over point

for flights from the US to Asia.

Now, dozens of cargo airlines operate in Anchorage but most of

them just use the airport as a refueling and crew swap

spot.

Modern airplanes can fly non-stop from the contiguous United States to Asia, but doing

so requires taking more fuel which requires taking

less cargo.

It's just cheaper to stop in Anchorage, but FedEx and UPS use the stop for something

else—sorting.

If FedEx wanted to maintain current shipping times without the Anchorage

hub, they would likely have to run non-stop flights

from each of their Asian hubs to each of their American hubs, but they just don't have

the demand to fill this many planes.

Instead, they run flights from their Asian hubs to Anchorage

then flights from Anchorage many of their American hubs.

While stopped in Anchorage, packages from Asia are processed through customs

and sorted to be put on the plane bound closest to their destination.

This helps cuts down on shipping time and cost.

Shipping is an incredibly price-sensitive business.

These courier companies rely on enormous contracts with retailers and, when

some of these retailers are shipping millions of

packages per day, every cent matters.

In a lot of ways, however, the express shipping model is

inherently expensive largely because of how couriers use their most expensive assets—planes.

So much is centered around those few sorting hours at the big hubs so FedEx's planes

all have to wait around to arrive at the exact right moment.

Some FedEx hubs, such as Memphis, do sort packages during the day, but the overwhelming

majority of their business happens overnight.

FedEx's flight from Memphis to Oklahoma City, for example, leaves at 4am and arrives

at 5:20am, but then the plane waits around until

10:10pm to fly back to Memphis.

That's over 17 hours sitting in Oklahoma City and, on that

route, the plane is only flying for about two hours per

day.

Meanwhile, commercial airlines regularly fly their planes for more than 12 hours per day

meaning they have six times higher aircraft utilization.

FedEx would never be profitable if they bought all new multi-hundred million dollar

aircraft to use for mere hours per day, so they don't.

Overwhelmingly, FedEx and other cargo airlines use old aircraft at the end of their lives.

You'll almost never see Airbus a300's flying for

passenger airlines anymore, yet FedEx, UPS, and DHL

collectively own hundreds of them because they're cheap.

They didn't spend much purchasing these aircraft, so they don't have to worry

about using them enough to offset their cost.

UPS does have some brand new 747-800 aircraft, which

are highly efficient, but they specifically schedule

these planes on their longest routes so that they can recuperate their high purchase price

through lower fuel costs.

With older aircraft, fuel costs might be higher since the planes are less efficient,

but overall it's worth it since it allows FedEx to profitably leave their planes sitting

for all but a few hours each day.

Some passenger airlines, such as Allegiant Airlines in the US, uses the same

strategy purchasing cheaper planes to allow them to fly fewer hours per day profitably

and its now a tested and proven business strategy.

Express shipping is one of those businesses that requires enormous networks to make

work which is why you don't see small shipping companies.

It's almost impossible to get started in this business unless, of course, you can

make your own demand.

Amazon, which ships more than a million packages per day, is getting

into the delivery business.

They've established a fleet of 32 aircraft and are building out their

logistics network.

When shipping so many packages, Amazon is operating at a scale where they

can profit by taking the shipping companies out of the

equation.

FedEx, UPS, and DHL, meanwhile, are continuously focusing on further increasing the

efficiency of their networks since in this business more than any, time is money.

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Squarespace is a great supporter of the show so make sure to show them your appreciation

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And just one more thing, if you're like me and the first reaction you had to seeing

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The link is in the description.