have put 37 people who are madly in love

同僚のアート アロンとルーシー ブラウンと共に

into a functional MRI brain scanner.

MRIスキャナで

17 who were happily in love, 15 who had just been dumped,

熱愛中の37人を検査しました

and we're just starting our third experiment:

17人はラブラブ 15人は振られたばかり

studying people who report that they're still in love

また 3度目の実験を始めたばかりですが

after 10 to 25 years of marriage.

結婚生活を10年から25年経て

So, this is the short story of that research.

今も恋をしている人の研究も行っています

In the jungles of Guatemala, in Tikal, stands a temple.

今日は そのリサーチの話をします

It was built by the grandest Sun King,

グァテマラのジャングル ティカルに寺院があります

of the grandest city-state,

建設したのは 偉大な太陽の王

of the grandest civilization of the Americas, the Mayas.

壮大な国家都市

His name was Jasaw Chan K'awiil.

北南米で最も偉大な文明 マヤの王

He stood over six feet tall.

王の名はハサウ チャン カウィール

He lived into his 80s,

180センチ以上の長身で

and he was buried beneath this monument in 720 AD.

80代まで生き―

And Mayan inscriptions proclaim

紀元720年 この遺跡に葬られました

that he was deeply in love with his wife.

マヤ碑文によると

So, he built a temple in her honor, facing his.

王は妻にベタ惚れで 彼の神殿に面して 妻の神殿を建設

And every spring and autumn, exactly at the equinox,

王は妻にベタ惚れで 彼の神殿に面して 妻の神殿を建設

the sun rises behind his temple,

毎年 ちょうど春分と秋分の日

and perfectly bathes her temple with his shadow.

王の神殿側に日が昇ると

And as the sun sets behind her temple in the afternoon,

彼の影が 妻の神殿を優しく撫で

it perfectly bathes his temple with her shadow.

妻の神殿側に日が沈むと

After 1,300 years, these two lovers

妻の影が 王の神殿を優しく撫でる

still touch and kiss from their tomb.

1300年の時を越えた今も 2人は石碑越しに

Around the world, people love.

抱擁し くちづけを交わしています

They sing for love, they dance for love,

世界中で 人々は恋をし

they compose poems and stories about love.

恋に歌い 恋に踊ります

They tell myths and legends about love.

愛の詩や物語を書き

They pine for love, they live for love,

恋の神話や伝説を語る

they kill for love, and they die for love.

恋に恋焦がれ 恋の為に生きます

As Walt Whitman once said,

人を殺め 死まで選びます

he said, "Oh, I would stake all for you."

ウォルト・ホイットマンの言葉

Anthropologists have found evidence of romantic love in 170 societies.

“君のためなら全てを賭けてもいい”

They've never found a society that did not have it.

人類学者は 170ヶ国にて 恋愛の存在を確認

But love isn't always a happy experience.

どの社会にも 例外なく存在します

In one study of college students,

でも 恋は常に幸せなものではありません

they asked a lot of questions about love,

ある大学生が 研究で

but the two that stood out to me the most were,

恋に関する質問を沢山しました

"Have you ever been rejected by somebody who you really loved?"

その中で印象に残った2つが

And the second question was,

“愛する人に振られた事がありますか”

"Have you ever dumped somebody who really loved you?"

もう１つが

And almost 95 percent of both men and women said yes to both.

“自分を愛する人を振った事がありますか”

Almost nobody gets out of love alive.

ほぼ95%の男女が両方に Yesと答えています

So, before I start telling you about the brain,

つまり 恋はほぼ実らないものだと....

I want to read for you

脳について話す前に

what I think is the most powerful love poem on Earth.

少し朗読します

There's other love poems that are, of course, just as good,

地球上で最もパワフルな愛の詩です

but I don't think this one can be surpassed.

優れた詩は沢山ありますが

It was told by an anonymous Kwakiutl Indian of southern Alaska

勝る詩はないと思います

to a missionary in 1896, and here it is.

南アラスカの クワキウトル族インディアンが

I've never had the opportunity to say it before.

1896年 伝道者に聞かせました

"Fire runs through my body with the pain of loving you.

公の場で初めて読みます

Pain runs through my body with the fires of my love for you.

“炎のような愛の痛み

Pain like a boil about to burst with my love for you,

愛の炎が痛みとなって体中を駆け巡る

consumed by fire with my love for you.

貴方への愛で 心は張り裂け

I remember what you said to me.

貴方への愛で 火傷する

I am thinking of your love for me.

貴方の言葉を覚えてる

I am torn by your love for me.

貴方の愛を思う

Pain and more pain --

貴方の愛が心を裂く

where are you going with my love?

私の愛を連れて 貴方はどこへ

I am told you will go from here.

さらなる痛み

I am told you will leave me here.

貴方が 旅立つと聞いた

My body is numb with grief.

私を置いていくと

Remember what I said, my love.

悲しみで感覚を失う

Goodbye, my love, goodbye."

私の言葉を忘れないで

Emily Dickinson once wrote,

さよなら 愛しい人 さようなら ”

"Parting is all we need to know of hell."

エミリー・ディキンソンの言葉

How many people have suffered

“別れさえ経験すれば 地獄が分かる”

in all the millions of years of human evolution?

人類が進化してきた中で

How many people around the world

どれだけの人が苦しんだでしょう？

are dancing with elation at this very minute?

どれだけの人々が この地球で

Romantic love is one of the most powerful sensations on Earth.

たった今 歓喜に踊っているでしょう？

So, several years ago, I decided to look into the brain

恋愛は 最もパワフルな感覚のひとつ

and study this madness.

そこで数年前 研究を始めました

Our first study of people who were happily in love

脳と恋の狂気についてです

has been widely publicized,

幸せな恋愛の研究は公表済みなので

so I'm only going to say a very little about it.

幸せな恋愛の研究は公表済みなので

We found activity in a tiny, little factory near the base of the brain

詳細は省いてお話します

called the ventral tegmental area.

脳底付近にある 腹側被蓋野と呼ばれる領域で

We found activity in some cells called the A10 cells,

A10細胞群が

cells that actually make dopamine, a natural stimulant,

活発になっていることを発見しました

and spray it to many brain regions.

天然興奮剤 ドーパミンを作る細胞で

Indeed, this part, the VTA, is part of the brain's reward system.

ドーパミンを脳に放出します

It's way below your cognitive thinking process.

腹側被蓋野は脳の報酬系の一部で

It's below your emotions.

認知思考処理のずっと深部

It's part of what we call the reptilian core of the brain,

感情よりも下部にあります

associated with wanting, with motivation,

爬虫類脳と呼ばれる一部で

with focus and with craving.

欲望 やる気 集中力 切望に―

In fact, the same brain region where we found activity

関係する領域です

becomes active also when you feel the rush of cocaine.

コカインでハイになると

But romantic love is much more than a cocaine high --

同じ領域が活発になります

at least you come down from cocaine.

恋愛はコカインのハイ状態を勝ります

Romantic love is an obsession. It possesses you.

コカインだと恍惚感は一時的ですからね

You lose your sense of self.

恋愛は執着で 人を支配します

You can't stop thinking about another human being.

自分を失い

Somebody is camping in your head.

相手の事を考えずにいられない

As an eighth-century Japanese poet said,

頭の中に誰かが居座ってます

"My longing had no time when it ceases."

8世紀 日本の歌人が言いました

Wild is love.

”我が恋やまめ命死なずは”

And the obsession can get worse when you've been rejected.

恋は狂気

So, right now, Lucy Brown and I, the neuroscientist on our project,

振られると執着心は悪化します

are looking at the data of the people

現在 神経科学者の ルーシー ブラウンと共に

who were put into the machine after they had just been dumped.

振られて間もない人の

It was very difficult actually,

検査結果を 研究しています

putting these people in the machine,

この人達を スキャンにかけるのは

because they were in such bad shape.

大変でした

(Laughter)

大変でした

So anyway, we found activity in three brain regions.

みなさんボロボロですから（笑）

We found activity in the brain region,

とにかく 脳の3領域に

in exactly the same brain region

活動が見られました

associated with intense romantic love.

激しい恋愛と関連のある―

What a bad deal.

脳の領域です

You know, when you've been dumped,

ひどい仕打ちです

the one thing you love to do is just forget about this human being,

失恋したときは

and then go on with your life --

相手のことを忘れて

but no, you just love them harder.

暮らしていきたいもの

As the poet Terence, the Roman poet once said,

なのに いっそう愛してしまう

he said, "The less my hope, the hotter my love."

ローマの詩人 テレンスの言葉

And indeed, we now know why.

“望みが低いほど燃える”

Two thousand years later, we can explain this in the brain.

その理由は解明されました

That brain system -- the reward system

2千年経った今 説明がつきます

for wanting, for motivation, for craving, for focus --

欲望 やる気 切望 集中力などの

becomes more active when you can't get what you want.

脳の報酬系は 手に入らないと

In this case, life's greatest prize:

さらに活動的になるのです

an appropriate mating partner.

この場合 人生最大のプライズとは―

We found activity in other brain regions also --

最適な交配相手です

in a brain region associated with calculating gains and losses.

他の領域でも活動を発見

You know, you're lying there, you're looking at the picture,

損得計算に関連する脳領域です

and you're in this machine,

脳スキャナの中で

and you're calculating, you know, what went wrong.

絵を眺めながら

How, you know, what have I lost?

何が悪かったのか 何を失ったのかと

As a matter of fact, Lucy and I have a little joke about this.

あれこれ計算する

It comes from a David Mamet play,

ルーシーと笑い話をすることがあります

and there's two con artists in the play,

デビット・マメットの演劇の中で

and the woman is conning the man,

2人のえせ芸術家がおり

and the man looks at the woman and says,

女性が一人をたぶらかします

"Oh, you're a bad pony, I'm not going to bet on you."

男は女性に言う

And indeed, it's this part of the brain,

”お前は悪い子馬だ お前には賭けないね”

the core of the nucleus accumbens, actually, that is becoming active

損得勘定をするとき

as you're measuring your gains and losses.

脳の坐核側と呼ばれる部分が

It's also the brain region that becomes active

活動し始めます

when you're willing to take enormous risks

大きな損得を賭けて

for huge gains and huge losses.

危険を冒すときも

Last but not least, we found activity in a brain region

同じ脳領域が活動します

associated with deep attachment to another individual.

他人への深い愛着と関連する―

No wonder people suffer around the world,

脳の領域にも活動を確認しました

and we have so many crimes of passion.

世界中で人が苦しむのも 不思議でありません

When you've been rejected in love,

情熱からくる犯罪も多いわけです

not only are you engulfed with feelings of romantic love,

失恋すると

but you're feeling deep attachment to this individual.

恋愛感情に苛まれるだけでなく

Moreover, this brain circuit for reward is working,

深い愛着心を感じます

and you're feeling intense energy, intense focus,

脳回路は報酬のために活動し

intense motivation and the willingness to risk it all

強い活力 集中力 動機

to win life's greatest prize.

危険を冒す気力まで込み上げてきます

So, what have I learned from this experiment

人生最大のプライズを得るためです

that I would like to tell the world?

この実験から学んだこと

Foremost, I have come to think

世界に伝えたいことはですね

that romantic love is a drive, a basic mating drive.

まず思いました

Not the sex drive -- the sex drive gets you out there,

恋愛は欲動であり 交配欲望だと

looking for a whole range of partners.

性欲ではない

Romantic love enables you to focus your mating energy

性交相手の標的は広いが

on just one at a time, conserve your mating energy,

恋愛だと 標的は一度に一人

and start the mating process with this single individual.

交配精力を他者に浪費せず

I think of all the poetry that I've read about romantic love,

一人の相手と交配行為を始めます

what sums it up best is something that is said by Plato,

今まで読んだ愛の詩で

over 2,000 years ago.

最もうまく要約してるのが2千年前の

He said, "The god of love lives in a state of need.

プラトンの言葉だと思います

It is a need. It is an urge.

“愛の神は必要性があり存在する

It is a homeostatic imbalance.

要求であり 本能的

Like hunger and thirst, it's almost impossible to stamp out."

恒久性なアンバランスであり

I've also come to believe that romantic love is an addiction:

空腹と口渇のように 根絶は不可能に近い”

a perfectly wonderful addiction when it's going well,

また 恋愛は中毒性を伴うと思います

and a perfectly horrible addiction when it's going poorly.

順調なときは素敵な中毒

And indeed, it has all of the characteristics of addiction.

悪くなると 悪夢のような中毒

You focus on the person, you obsessively think about them,

事実 中毒のあらゆる症状が確認できます

you crave them, you distort reality,

一人に神経を集中し 執拗にその人を思います

your willingness to take enormous risks to win this person.

切望し 現実を歪め

And it's got the three main characteristics of addiction:

獲得には危険をも負う

tolerance, you need to see them more, and more, and more;

中毒の主症状が3つ見られます

withdrawals; and last, relapse.

忍耐－ もっと会いたい 会わずにはいられない

I've got a girlfriend who's just getting over a terrible love affair.

離脱 そして 再発

It's been about eight months, she's beginning to feel better.

失恋から立ち直ろうとしてる女友達がいます

And she was driving along in her car the other day,

かれこれ８ヶ月になります

and suddenly she heard a song on the car radio

先日 彼女は車を運転中

that reminded her of this man.

ある歌をラジオで 聴いて

And she -- not only did the instant craving come back,

突然 彼のことを思い出しました

but she had to pull over

彼への切望が戻ってきただけでなく

from the side of the road and cry.

車を路肩に止め

So, one thing I would like the medical community,

泣き崩れずにはいれませんでした

and the legal community, and even the college community,

ですから 医学界や

to see if they can understand, that indeed,

法曹界や 大学の教育界に

romantic love is one of the most addictive substances on Earth.

恋愛が極めて中毒的な物質だと―

I would also like to tell the world that animals love.

理解してほしい

There's not an animal on this planet

また 動物にだって愛情はあるのです

that will copulate with anything that comes along.

地球上の動物で

Too old, too young, too scruffy, too stupid, and they won't do it.

見境なく交配を行う種はいません

Unless you're stuck in a laboratory cage --

相手に魅力を感じなければ 交尾はしません

and you know, if you spend your entire life in a little box,

実験室に隔離されるなら話は別です

you're not going to be as picky about who you have sex with --

仮に 窮屈な檻の中で一生過ごせば

but I've looked in a hundred species,

それほど性交相手を選り好みしないでしょう

and everywhere in the wild, animals have favorites.

百種以上の生物を観察しましたが

As a matter of fact ethologists know this.

どの動物にも好みがあります

There are over eight words for what they call "animal favoritism:"

動物行動学者は知っています

selective proceptivity, mate choice, female choice, sexual choice.

“動物の偏愛”には 8項目以上の趣向があり

And indeed, there are now three academic articles

求愛相手趣向や交尾相手選択 雌選択や性選択

in which they've looked at this attraction,

事実 この引力に注目した―

which may only last for a second,

３つの学術論があります

but it's a definite attraction,

引力は数秒で消えますが 確実に

and either this same brain region, this reward system,

恋の引力です

or the chemicals of that reward system are involved.

恐らく 報酬系脳領域に関係するか―

In fact, I think animal attraction can be instant --

報酬系物質に関わるのでしょう

you can see an elephant instantly go for another elephant.

動物の引力は瞬間的だと思います

And I think that this is really the origin

象が一瞬で別の象に求愛する例もある

of what you and I call "love at first sight."

これが まさに

People have often asked me whether

“一目惚れ”の原型だと思うのです

what I know about love has spoiled it for me.

恋愛の研究をしていて

And I just simply say, "Hardly."

私生活でマイナスがあったかと よく聞かれます

You can know every single ingredient in a piece of chocolate cake,

ないと答えます

and then when you sit down and eat that cake,

チョコレートケーキの材料は全部分かります

you can still feel that joy.

それでも 座って食べてみると

And certainly, I make all the same mistakes

ケーキはやっぱり美味しいものです

that everybody else does too,

それに 私も他の人と

but it's really deepened my understanding

同じように失敗をします

and compassion, really, for all human life.

ただ 人に対する理解と

As a matter of fact, in New York, I often catch myself

思いやりが深まりました

looking in baby carriages and feeling a little sorry for the tot.

脳システムの奮闘を考えると