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  • CHAPTER 1

  • It was four o'clock when the ceremony was over and the carriages began to arrive.

  • There had been a crowd following all the way, owing to the exuberance of Marija

  • Berczynskas.

  • The occasion rested heavily upon Marija's broad shoulders--it was her task to see

  • that all things went in due form, and after the best home traditions; and, flying

  • wildly hither and thither, bowling every

  • one out of the way, and scolding and exhorting all day with her tremendous

  • voice, Marija was too eager to see that others conformed to the proprieties to

  • consider them herself.

  • She had left the church last of all, and, desiring to arrive first at the hall, had

  • issued orders to the coachman to drive faster.

  • When that personage had developed a will of his own in the matter, Marija had flung up

  • the window of the carriage, and, leaning out, proceeded to tell him her opinion of

  • him, first in Lithuanian, which he did not

  • understand, and then in Polish, which he did.

  • Having the advantage of her in altitude, the driver had stood his ground and even

  • ventured to attempt to speak; and the result had been a furious altercation,

  • which, continuing all the way down Ashland

  • Avenue, had added a new swarm of urchins to the cortege at each side street for half a

  • mile. This was unfortunate, for already there was

  • a throng before the door.

  • The music had started up, and half a block away you could hear the dull "broom, broom"

  • of a cello, with the squeaking of two fiddles which vied with each other in

  • intricate and altitudinous gymnastics.

  • Seeing the throng, Marija abandoned precipitately the debate concerning the

  • ancestors of her coachman, and, springing from the moving carriage, plunged in and

  • proceeded to clear a way to the hall.

  • Once within, she turned and began to push the other way, roaring, meantime, "Eik!

  • Eik! Uzdaryk-duris!" in tones which made the orchestral uproar sound like fairy

  • music.

  • "Z. Graiczunas, Pasilinksminimams darzas. Vynas.

  • Sznapsas. Wines and Liquors.

  • Union Headquarters"--that was the way the signs ran.

  • The reader, who perhaps has never held much converse in the language of far-off

  • Lithuania, will be glad of the explanation that the place was the rear room of a

  • saloon in that part of Chicago known as "back of the yards."

  • This information is definite and suited to the matter of fact; but how pitifully

  • inadequate it would have seemed to one who understood that it was also the supreme

  • hour of ecstasy in the life of one of God's

  • gentlest creatures, the scene of the wedding feast and the joy-transfiguration

  • of little Ona Lukoszaite!

  • She stood in the doorway, shepherded by Cousin Marija, breathless from pushing

  • through the crowd, and in her happiness painful to look upon.

  • There was a light of wonder in her eyes and her lids trembled, and her otherwise wan

  • little face was flushed.

  • She wore a muslin dress, conspicuously white, and a stiff little veil coming to

  • her shoulders.

  • There were five pink paper roses twisted in the veil, and eleven bright green rose

  • leaves.

  • There were new white cotton gloves upon her hands, and as she stood staring about her

  • she twisted them together feverishly.

  • It was almost too much for her--you could see the pain of too great emotion in her

  • face, and all the tremor of her form.

  • She was so young--not quite sixteen--and small for her age, a mere child; and she

  • had just been married--and married to Jurgis,* (*Pronounced Yoorghis) of all men,

  • to Jurgis Rudkus, he with the white flower

  • in the buttonhole of his new black suit, he with the mighty shoulders and the giant

  • hands.

  • Ona was blue-eyed and fair, while Jurgis had great black eyes with beetling brows,

  • and thick black hair that curled in waves about his ears--in short, they were one of

  • those incongruous and impossible married

  • couples with which Mother Nature so often wills to confound all prophets, before and

  • after.

  • Jurgis could take up a two-hundred-and- fifty-pound quarter of beef and carry it

  • into a car without a stagger, or even a thought; and now he stood in a far corner,

  • frightened as a hunted animal, and obliged

  • to moisten his lips with his tongue each time before he could answer the

  • congratulations of his friends.

  • Gradually there was effected a separation between the spectators and the guests--a

  • separation at least sufficiently complete for working purposes.

  • There was no time during the festivities which ensued when there were not groups of

  • onlookers in the doorways and the corners; and if any one of these onlookers came

  • sufficiently close, or looked sufficiently

  • hungry, a chair was offered him, and he was invited to the feast.

  • It was one of the laws of the veselija that no one goes hungry; and, while a rule made

  • in the forests of Lithuania is hard to apply in the stockyards district of

  • Chicago, with its quarter of a million

  • inhabitants, still they did their best, and the children who ran in from the street,

  • and even the dogs, went out again happier. A charming informality was one of the

  • characteristics of this celebration.

  • The men wore their hats, or, if they wished, they took them off, and their coats

  • with them; they ate when and where they pleased, and moved as often as they

  • pleased.

  • There were to be speeches and singing, but no one had to listen who did not care to;

  • if he wished, meantime, to speak or sing himself, he was perfectly free.

  • The resulting medley of sound distracted no one, save possibly alone the babies, of

  • which there were present a number equal to the total possessed by all the guests

  • invited.

  • There was no other place for the babies to be, and so part of the preparations for the

  • evening consisted of a collection of cribs and carriages in one corner.

  • In these the babies slept, three or four together, or wakened together, as the case

  • might be.

  • Those who were still older, and could reach the tables, marched about munching

  • contentedly at meat bones and bologna sausages.

  • The room is about thirty feet square, with whitewashed walls, bare save for a

  • calendar, a picture of a race horse, and a family tree in a gilded frame.

  • To the right there is a door from the saloon, with a few loafers in the doorway,

  • and in the corner beyond it a bar, with a presiding genius clad in soiled white, with

  • waxed black mustaches and a carefully oiled

  • curl plastered against one side of his forehead.

  • In the opposite corner are two tables, filling a third of the room and laden with

  • dishes and cold viands, which a few of the hungrier guests are already munching.

  • At the head, where sits the bride, is a snow-white cake, with an Eiffel tower of

  • constructed decoration, with sugar roses and two angels upon it, and a generous

  • sprinkling of pink and green and yellow candies.

  • Beyond opens a door into the kitchen, where there is a glimpse to be had of a range

  • with much steam ascending from it, and many women, old and young, rushing hither and

  • thither.

  • In the corner to the left are the three musicians, upon a little platform, toiling

  • heroically to make some impression upon the hubbub; also the babies, similarly

  • occupied, and an open window whence the

  • populace imbibes the sights and sounds and odors.

  • Suddenly some of the steam begins to advance, and, peering through it, you

  • discern Aunt Elizabeth, Ona's stepmother-- Teta Elzbieta, as they call her--bearing

  • aloft a great platter of stewed duck.

  • Behind her is Kotrina, making her way cautiously, staggering beneath a similar

  • burden; and half a minute later there appears old Grandmother Majauszkiene, with

  • a big yellow bowl of smoking potatoes, nearly as big as herself.

  • So, bit by bit, the feast takes form--there is a ham and a dish of sauerkraut, boiled

  • rice, macaroni, bologna sausages, great piles of penny buns, bowls of milk, and

  • foaming pitchers of beer.

  • There is also, not six feet from your back, the bar, where you may order all you please

  • and do not have to pay for it. "Eiksz!

  • Graicziau!" screams Marija Berczynskas, and falls to work herself--for there is more

  • upon the stove inside that will be spoiled if it be not eaten.

  • So, with laughter and shouts and endless badinage and merriment, the guests take

  • their places.

  • The young men, who for the most part have been huddled near the door, summon their

  • resolution and advance; and the shrinking Jurgis is poked and scolded by the old

  • folks until he consents to seat himself at the right hand of the bride.

  • The two bridesmaids, whose insignia of office are paper wreaths, come next, and

  • after them the rest of the guests, old and young, boys and girls.

  • The spirit of the occasion takes hold of the stately bartender, who condescends to a

  • plate of stewed duck; even the fat policeman--whose duty it will be, later in

  • the evening, to break up the fights--draws up a chair to the foot of the table.

  • And the children shout and the babies yell, and every one laughs and sings and

  • chatters--while above all the deafening clamor Cousin Marija shouts orders to the

  • musicians.

  • The musicians--how shall one begin to describe them?

  • All this time they have been there, playing in a mad frenzy--all of this scene must be

  • read, or said, or sung, to music.

  • It is the music which makes it what it is; it is the music which changes the place

  • from the rear room of a saloon in back of the yards to a fairy place, a wonderland, a

  • little corner of the high mansions of the sky.

  • The little person who leads this trio is an inspired man.

  • His fiddle is out of tune, and there is no rosin on his bow, but still he is an

  • inspired man--the hands of the muses have been laid upon him.

  • He plays like one possessed by a demon, by a whole horde of demons.

  • You can feel them in the air round about him, capering frenetically; with their

  • invisible feet they set the pace, and the hair of the leader of the orchestra rises

  • on end, and his eyeballs start from their sockets, as he toils to keep up with them.

  • Tamoszius Kuszleika is his name, and he has taught himself to play the violin by

  • practicing all night, after working all day on the "killing beds."

  • He is in his shirt sleeves, with a vest figured with faded gold horseshoes, and a

  • pink-striped shirt, suggestive of peppermint candy.

  • A pair of military trousers, light blue with a yellow stripe, serve to give that

  • suggestion of authority proper to the leader of a band.

  • He is only about five feet high, but even so these trousers are about eight inches

  • short of the ground.

  • You wonder where he can have gotten them or rather you would wonder, if the excitement

  • of being in his presence left you time to think of such things.

  • For he is an inspired man.

  • Every inch of him is inspired--you might almost say inspired separately.

  • He stamps with his feet, he tosses his head, he sways and swings to and fro; he

  • has a wizened-up little face, irresistibly comical; and, when he executes a turn or a

  • flourish, his brows knit and his lips work

  • and his eyelids wink--the very ends of his necktie bristle out.

  • And every now and then he turns upon his companions, nodding, signaling, beckoning

  • frantically--with every inch of him appealing, imploring, in behalf of the

  • muses and their call.

  • For they are hardly worthy of Tamoszius, the other two members of the orchestra.

  • The second violin is a Slovak, a tall, gaunt man with black-rimmed spectacles and

  • the mute and patient look of an overdriven mule; he responds to the whip but feebly,

  • and then always falls back into his old rut.

  • The third man is very fat, with a round, red, sentimental nose, and he plays with

  • his eyes turned up to the sky and a look of infinite yearning.

  • He is playing a bass part upon his cello, and so the excitement is nothing to him; no

  • matter what happens in the treble, it is his task to saw out one long-drawn and

  • lugubrious note after another, from four

  • o'clock in the afternoon until nearly the same hour next morning, for his third of

  • the total income of one dollar per hour.

  • Before the feast has been five minutes under way, Tamoszius Kuszleika has risen in

  • his excitement; a minute or two more and you see that he is beginning to edge over

  • toward the tables.

  • His nostrils are dilated and his breath comes fast--his demons are driving him.

  • He nods and shakes his head at his companions, jerking at them with his

  • violin, until at last the long form of the second violinist also rises up.

  • In the end all three of them begin advancing, step by step, upon the

  • banqueters, Valentinavyczia, the cellist, bumping along with his instrument between

  • notes.

  • Finally all three are gathered at the foot of the tables, and there Tamoszius mounts

  • upon a stool. Now he is in his glory, dominating the

  • scene.

  • Some of the people are eating, some are laughing and talking--but you will make a

  • great mistake if you think there is one of them who does not hear him.

  • His notes are never true, and his fiddle buzzes on the low ones and squeaks and

  • scratches on the high; but these things they heed no more than they heed the dirt

  • and noise and squalor about them--it is out

  • of this material that they have to build their lives, with it that they have to

  • utter their souls.

  • And this is their utterance; merry and boisterous, or mournful and wailing, or

  • passionate and rebellious, this music is their music, music of home.

  • It stretches out its arms to them, they have only to give themselves up.

  • Chicago and its saloons and its slums fade away--there are green meadows and sunlit

  • rivers, mighty forests and snow-clad hills.

  • They behold home landscapes and childhood scenes returning; old loves and friendships

  • begin to waken, old joys and griefs to laugh and weep.

  • Some fall back and close their eyes, some beat upon the table.

  • Now and then one leaps up with a cry and calls for this song or that; and then the

  • fire leaps brighter in Tamoszius' eyes, and he flings up his fiddle and shouts to his

  • companions, and away they go in mad career.

  • The company takes up the choruses, and men and women cry out like all possessed; some

  • leap to their feet and stamp upon the floor, lifting their glasses and pledging

  • each other.

  • Before long it occurs to some one to demand an old wedding song, which celebrates the

  • beauty of the bride and the joys of love.

  • In the excitement of this masterpiece Tamoszius Kuszleika begins to edge in

  • between the tables, making his way toward the head, where sits the bride.

  • There is not a foot of space between the chairs of the guests, and Tamoszius is so

  • short that he pokes them with his bow whenever he reaches over for the low notes;

  • but still he presses in, and insists

  • relentlessly that his companions must follow.

  • During their progress, needless to say, the sounds of the cello are pretty well

  • extinguished; but at last the three are at the head, and Tamoszius takes his station

  • at the right hand of the bride and begins to pour out his soul in melting strains.

  • Little Ona is too excited to eat.

  • Once in a while she tastes a little something, when Cousin Marija pinches her

  • elbow and reminds her; but, for the most part, she sits gazing with the same fearful

  • eyes of wonder.

  • Teta Elzbieta is all in a flutter, like a hummingbird; her sisters, too, keep running

  • up behind her, whispering, breathless.

  • But Ona seems scarcely to hear them--the music keeps calling, and the far-off look

  • comes back, and she sits with her hands pressed together over her heart.

  • Then the tears begin to come into her eyes; and as she is ashamed to wipe them away,

  • and ashamed to let them run down her cheeks, she turns and shakes her head a

  • little, and then flushes red when she sees that Jurgis is watching her.

  • When in the end Tamoszius Kuszleika has reached her side, and is waving his magic

  • wand above her, Ona's cheeks are scarlet, and she looks as if she would have to get

  • up and run away.

  • In this crisis, however, she is saved by Marija Berczynskas, whom the muses suddenly

  • visit.

  • Marija is fond of a song, a song of lovers' parting; she wishes to hear it, and, as the

  • musicians do not know it, she has risen, and is proceeding to teach them.

  • Marija is short, but powerful in build.

  • She works in a canning factory, and all day long she handles cans of beef that weigh

  • fourteen pounds. She has a broad Slavic face, with prominent

  • red cheeks.

  • When she opens her mouth, it is tragical, but you cannot help thinking of a horse.

  • She wears a blue flannel shirt-waist, which is now rolled up at the sleeves, disclosing

  • her brawny arms; she has a carving fork in her hand, with which she pounds on the

  • table to mark the time.

  • As she roars her song, in a voice of which it is enough to say that it leaves no

  • portion of the room vacant, the three musicians follow her, laboriously and note

  • by note, but averaging one note behind;

  • thus they toil through stanza after stanza of a lovesick swain's lamentation:--

  • "Sudiev' kvietkeli, tu brangiausis; Sudiev' ir laime, man biednam,

  • Matau--paskyre teip Aukszcziausis, Jog vargt ant svieto reik vienam!"

  • When the song is over, it is time for the speech, and old Dede Antanas rises to his

  • feet.

  • Grandfather Anthony, Jurgis' father, is not more than sixty years of age, but you would

  • think that he was eighty. He has been only six months in America, and

  • the change has not done him good.

  • In his manhood he worked in a cotton mill, but then a coughing fell upon him, and he

  • had to leave; out in the country the trouble disappeared, but he has been

  • working in the pickle rooms at Durham's,

  • and the breathing of the cold, damp air all day has brought it back.

  • Now as he rises he is seized with a coughing fit, and holds himself by his

  • chair and turns away his wan and battered face until it passes.

  • Generally it is the custom for the speech at a veselija to be taken out of one of the

  • books and learned by heart; but in his youthful days Dede Antanas used to be a

  • scholar, and really make up all the love letters of his friends.

  • Now it is understood that he has composed an original speech of congratulation and

  • benediction, and this is one of the events of the day.

  • Even the boys, who are romping about the room, draw near and listen, and some of the

  • women sob and wipe their aprons in their eyes.

  • It is very solemn, for Antanas Rudkus has become possessed of the idea that he has

  • not much longer to stay with his children.

  • His speech leaves them all so tearful that one of the guests, Jokubas Szedvilas, who

  • keeps a delicatessen store on Halsted Street, and is fat and hearty, is moved to

  • rise and say that things may not be as bad

  • as that, and then to go on and make a little speech of his own, in which he

  • showers congratulations and prophecies of happiness upon the bride and groom,

  • proceeding to particulars which greatly

  • delight the young men, but which cause Ona to blush more furiously than ever.

  • Jokubas possesses what his wife complacently describes as "poetiszka

  • vaidintuve"--a poetical imagination.

  • Now a good many of the guests have finished, and, since there is no pretense

  • of ceremony, the banquet begins to break up.

  • Some of the men gather about the bar; some wander about, laughing and singing; here

  • and there will be a little group, chanting merrily, and in sublime indifference to the

  • others and to the orchestra as well.

  • Everybody is more or less restless--one would guess that something is on their

  • minds. And so it proves.

  • The last tardy diners are scarcely given time to finish, before the tables and the

  • debris are shoved into the corner, and the chairs and the babies piled out of the way,

  • and the real celebration of the evening begins.

  • Then Tamoszius Kuszleika, after replenishing himself with a pot of beer,

  • returns to his platform, and, standing up, reviews the scene; he taps authoritatively

  • upon the side of his violin, then tucks it

  • carefully under his chin, then waves his bow in an elaborate flourish, and finally

  • smites the sounding strings and closes his eyes, and floats away in spirit upon the

  • wings of a dreamy waltz.

  • His companion follows, but with his eyes open, watching where he treads, so to

  • speak; and finally Valentinavyczia, after waiting for a little and beating with his

  • foot to get the time, casts up his eyes to

  • the ceiling and begins to saw--"Broom! broom! broom!"

  • The company pairs off quickly, and the whole room is soon in motion.

  • Apparently nobody knows how to waltz, but that is nothing of any consequence--there

  • is music, and they dance, each as he pleases, just as before they sang.

  • Most of them prefer the "two-step," especially the young, with whom it is the

  • fashion.

  • The older people have dances from home, strange and complicated steps which they

  • execute with grave solemnity.

  • Some do not dance anything at all, but simply hold each other's hands and allow

  • the undisciplined joy of motion to express itself with their feet.

  • Among these are Jokubas Szedvilas and his wife, Lucija, who together keep the

  • delicatessen store, and consume nearly as much as they sell; they are too fat to

  • dance, but they stand in the middle of the

  • floor, holding each other fast in their arms, rocking slowly from side to side and

  • grinning seraphically, a picture of toothless and perspiring ecstasy.

  • Of these older people many wear clothing reminiscent in some detail of home--an

  • embroidered waistcoat or stomacher, or a gaily colored handkerchief, or a coat with

  • large cuffs and fancy buttons.

  • All these things are carefully avoided by the young, most of whom have learned to

  • speak English and to affect the latest style of clothing.

  • The girls wear ready-made dresses or shirt waists, and some of them look quite pretty.

  • Some of the young men you would take to be Americans, of the type of clerks, but for

  • the fact that they wear their hats in the room.

  • Each of these younger couples affects a style of its own in dancing.

  • Some hold each other tightly, some at a cautious distance.

  • Some hold their hands out stiffly, some drop them loosely at their sides.

  • Some dance springily, some glide softly, some move with grave dignity.

  • There are boisterous couples, who tear wildly about the room, knocking every one

  • out of their way. There are nervous couples, whom these

  • frighten, and who cry, "Nusfok!

  • Kas yra?" at them as they pass. Each couple is paired for the evening--you

  • will never see them change about.

  • There is Alena Jasaityte, for instance, who has danced unending hours with Juozas

  • Raczius, to whom she is engaged.

  • Alena is the beauty of the evening, and she would be really beautiful if she were not

  • so proud.

  • She wears a white shirtwaist, which represents, perhaps, half a week's labor

  • painting cans.

  • She holds her skirt with her hand as she dances, with stately precision, after the

  • manner of the grandes dames. Juozas is driving one of Durham's wagons,

  • and is making big wages.

  • He affects a "tough" aspect, wearing his hat on one side and keeping a cigarette in

  • his mouth all the evening. Then there is Jadvyga Marcinkus, who is

  • also beautiful, but humble.

  • Jadvyga likewise paints cans, but then she has an invalid mother and three little

  • sisters to support by it, and so she does not spend her wages for shirtwaists.

  • Jadvyga is small and delicate, with jet- black eyes and hair, the latter twisted

  • into a little knot and tied on the top of her head.

  • She wears an old white dress which she has made herself and worn to parties for the

  • past five years; it is high-waisted--almost under her arms, and not very becoming,--but

  • that does not trouble Jadvyga, who is dancing with her Mikolas.

  • She is small, while he is big and powerful; she nestles in his arms as if she would

  • hide herself from view, and leans her head upon his shoulder.

  • He in turn has clasped his arms tightly around her, as if he would carry her away;

  • and so she dances, and will dance the entire evening, and would dance forever, in

  • ecstasy of bliss.

  • You would smile, perhaps, to see them--but you would not smile if you knew all the

  • story.

  • This is the fifth year, now, that Jadvyga has been engaged to Mikolas, and her heart

  • is sick.

  • They would have been married in the beginning, only Mikolas has a father who is

  • drunk all day, and he is the only other man in a large family.

  • Even so they might have managed it (for Mikolas is a skilled man) but for cruel

  • accidents which have almost taken the heart out of them.

  • He is a beef-boner, and that is a dangerous trade, especially when you are on piecework

  • and trying to earn a bride.

  • Your hands are slippery, and your knife is slippery, and you are toiling like mad,

  • when somebody happens to speak to you, or you strike a bone.

  • Then your hand slips up on the blade, and there is a fearful gash.

  • And that would not be so bad, only for the deadly contagion.

  • The cut may heal, but you never can tell.

  • Twice now; within the last three years, Mikolas has been lying at home with blood

  • poisoning--once for three months and once for nearly seven.

  • The last time, too, he lost his job, and that meant six weeks more of standing at

  • the doors of the packing houses, at six o'clock on bitter winter mornings, with a

  • foot of snow on the ground and more in the air.

  • There are learned people who can tell you out of the statistics that beef-boners make

  • forty cents an hour, but, perhaps, these people have never looked into a beef-

  • boner's hands.

  • When Tamoszius and his companions stop for a rest, as perforce they must, now and

  • then, the dancers halt where they are and wait patiently.

  • They never seem to tire; and there is no place for them to sit down if they did.

  • It is only for a minute, anyway, for the leader starts up again, in spite of all the

  • protests of the other two.

  • This time it is another sort of a dance, a Lithuanian dance.

  • Those who prefer to, go on with the two- step, but the majority go through an

  • intricate series of motions, resembling more fancy skating than a dance.

  • The climax of it is a furious prestissimo, at which the couples seize hands and begin

  • a mad whirling.

  • This is quite irresistible, and every one in the room joins in, until the place

  • becomes a maze of flying skirts and bodies quite dazzling to look upon.

  • But the sight of sights at this moment is Tamoszius Kuszleika.

  • The old fiddle squeaks and shrieks in protest, but Tamoszius has no mercy.

  • The sweat starts out on his forehead, and he bends over like a cyclist on the last

  • lap of a race.

  • His body shakes and throbs like a runaway steam engine, and the ear cannot follow the

  • flying showers of notes--there is a pale blue mist where you look to see his bowing

  • arm.

  • With a most wonderful rush he comes to the end of the tune, and flings up his hands

  • and staggers back exhausted; and with a final shout of delight the dancers fly

  • apart, reeling here and there, bringing up against the walls of the room.

  • After this there is beer for every one, the musicians included, and the revelers take a

  • long breath and prepare for the great event of the evening, which is the acziavimas.

  • The acziavimas is a ceremony which, once begun, will continue for three or four

  • hours, and it involves one uninterrupted dance.

  • The guests form a great ring, locking hands, and, when the music starts up, begin

  • to move around in a circle.

  • In the center stands the bride, and, one by one, the men step into the enclosure and

  • dance with her.

  • Each dances for several minutes--as long as he pleases; it is a very merry proceeding,

  • with laughter and singing, and when the guest has finished, he finds himself face

  • to face with Teta Elzbieta, who holds the hat.

  • Into it he drops a sum of money--a dollar, or perhaps five dollars, according to his

  • power, and his estimate of the value of the privilege.

  • The guests are expected to pay for this entertainment; if they be proper guests,

  • they will see that there is a neat sum left over for the bride and bridegroom to start

  • life upon.

  • Most fearful they are to contemplate, the expenses of this entertainment.

  • They will certainly be over two hundred dollars and maybe three hundred; and three

  • hundred dollars is more than the year's income of many a person in this room.

  • There are able-bodied men here who work from early morning until late at night, in

  • ice-cold cellars with a quarter of an inch of water on the floor--men who for six or

  • seven months in the year never see the

  • sunlight from Sunday afternoon till the next Sunday morning--and who cannot earn

  • three hundred dollars in a year.

  • There are little children here, scarce in their teens, who can hardly see the top of

  • the work benches--whose parents have lied to get them their places--and who do not

  • make the half of three hundred dollars a year, and perhaps not even the third of it.

  • And then to spend such a sum, all in a single day of your life, at a wedding

  • feast!

  • (For obviously it is the same thing, whether you spend it at once for your own

  • wedding, or in a long time, at the weddings of all your friends.)

  • It is very imprudent, it is tragic--but, ah, it is so beautiful!

  • Bit by bit these poor people have given up everything else; but to this they cling

  • with all the power of their souls--they cannot give up the veselija!

  • To do that would mean, not merely to be defeated, but to acknowledge defeat--and

  • the difference between these two things is what keeps the world going.

  • The veselija has come down to them from a far-off time; and the meaning of it was

  • that one might dwell within the cave and gaze upon shadows, provided only that once

  • in his lifetime he could break his chains,

  • and feel his wings, and behold the sun; provided that once in his lifetime he might

  • testify to the fact that life, with all its cares and its terrors, is no such great

  • thing after all, but merely a bubble upon

  • the surface of a river, a thing that one may toss about and play with as a juggler

  • tosses his golden balls, a thing that one may quaff, like a goblet of rare red wine.

  • Thus having known himself for the master of things, a man could go back to his toil and

  • live upon the memory all his days.

  • Endlessly the dancers swung round and round--when they were dizzy they swung the

  • other way.

  • Hour after hour this had continued--the darkness had fallen and the room was dim

  • from the light of two smoky oil lamps.

  • The musicians had spent all their fine frenzy by now, and played only one tune,

  • wearily, ploddingly. There were twenty bars or so of it, and

  • when they came to the end they began again.

  • Once every ten minutes or so they would fail to begin again, but instead would sink

  • back exhausted; a circumstance which invariably brought on a painful and

  • terrifying scene, that made the fat

  • policeman stir uneasily in his sleeping place behind the door.

  • It was all Marija Berczynskas.

  • Marija was one of those hungry souls who cling with desperation to the skirts of the

  • retreating muse.

  • All day long she had been in a state of wonderful exaltation; and now it was

  • leaving--and she would not let it go. Her soul cried out in the words of Faust,

  • "Stay, thou art fair!"

  • Whether it was by beer, or by shouting, or by music, or by motion, she meant that it

  • should not go.

  • And she would go back to the chase of it-- and no sooner be fairly started than her

  • chariot would be thrown off the track, so to speak, by the stupidity of those thrice

  • accursed musicians.

  • Each time, Marija would emit a howl and fly at them, shaking her fists in their faces,

  • stamping upon the floor, purple and incoherent with rage.

  • In vain the frightened Tamoszius would attempt to speak, to plead the limitations

  • of the flesh; in vain would the puffing and breathless ponas Jokubas insist, in vain

  • would Teta Elzbieta implore.

  • "Szalin!" Marija would scream.

  • "Palauk! isz kelio! What are you paid for, children of hell?"

  • And so, in sheer terror, the orchestra would strike up again, and Marija would

  • return to her place and take up her task. She bore all the burden of the festivities

  • now.

  • Ona was kept up by her excitement, but all of the women and most of the men were

  • tired--the soul of Marija was alone unconquered.

  • She drove on the dancers--what had once been the ring had now the shape of a pear,

  • with Marija at the stem, pulling one way and pushing the other, shouting, stamping,

  • singing, a very volcano of energy.

  • Now and then some one coming in or out would leave the door open, and the night

  • air was chill; Marija as she passed would stretch out her foot and kick the doorknob,

  • and slam would go the door!

  • Once this procedure was the cause of a calamity of which Sebastijonas Szedvilas

  • was the hapless victim.

  • Little Sebastijonas, aged three, had been wandering about oblivious to all things,

  • holding turned up over his mouth a bottle of liquid known as "pop," pink-colored,

  • ice-cold, and delicious.

  • Passing through the doorway the door smote him full, and the shriek which followed

  • brought the dancing to a halt.

  • Marija, who threatened horrid murder a hundred times a day, and would weep over

  • the injury of a fly, seized little Sebastijonas in her arms and bid fair to

  • smother him with kisses.

  • There was a long rest for the orchestra, and plenty of refreshments, while Marija

  • was making her peace with her victim, seating him upon the bar, and standing

  • beside him and holding to his lips a foaming schooner of beer.

  • In the meantime there was going on in another corner of the room an anxious

  • conference between Teta Elzbieta and Dede Antanas, and a few of the more intimate

  • friends of the family.

  • A trouble was come upon them. The veselija is a compact, a compact not

  • expressed, but therefore only the more binding upon all.

  • Every one's share was different--and yet every one knew perfectly well what his

  • share was, and strove to give a little more.

  • Now, however, since they had come to the new country, all this was changing; it

  • seemed as if there must be some subtle poison in the air that one breathed here--

  • it was affecting all the young men at once.

  • They would come in crowds and fill themselves with a fine dinner, and then

  • sneak off.

  • One would throw another's hat out of the window, and both would go out to get it,

  • and neither could be seen again.

  • Or now and then half a dozen of them would get together and march out openly, staring

  • at you, and making fun of you to your face.

  • Still others, worse yet, would crowd about the bar, and at the expense of the host

  • drink themselves sodden, paying not the least attention to any one, and leaving it

  • to be thought that either they had danced

  • with the bride already, or meant to later on.

  • All these things were going on now, and the family was helpless with dismay.

  • So long they had toiled, and such an outlay they had made!

  • Ona stood by, her eyes wide with terror.

  • Those frightful bills--how they had haunted her, each item gnawing at her soul all day

  • and spoiling her rest at night.

  • How often she had named them over one by one and figured on them as she went to

  • work--fifteen dollars for the hall, twenty- two dollars and a quarter for the ducks,

  • twelve dollars for the musicians, five

  • dollars at the church, and a blessing of the Virgin besides--and so on without an

  • end!

  • Worst of all was the frightful bill that was still to come from Graiczunas for the

  • beer and liquor that might be consumed.

  • One could never get in advance more than a guess as to this from a saloon-keeper--and

  • then, when the time came he always came to you scratching his head and saying that he

  • had guessed too low, but that he had done

  • his best--your guests had gotten so very drunk.

  • By him you were sure to be cheated unmercifully, and that even though you

  • thought yourself the dearest of the hundreds of friends he had.

  • He would begin to serve your guests out of a keg that was half full, and finish with

  • one that was half empty, and then you would be charged for two kegs of beer.

  • He would agree to serve a certain quality at a certain price, and when the time came

  • you and your friends would be drinking some horrible poison that could not be

  • described.

  • You might complain, but you would get nothing for your pains but a ruined

  • evening; while, as for going to law about it, you might as well go to heaven at once.

  • The saloon-keeper stood in with all the big politics men in the district; and when you

  • had once found out what it meant to get into trouble with such people, you would

  • know enough to pay what you were told to pay and shut up.

  • What made all this the more painful was that it was so hard on the few that had

  • really done their best.

  • There was poor old ponas Jokubas, for instance--he had already given five

  • dollars, and did not every one know that Jokubas Szedvilas had just mortgaged his

  • delicatessen store for two hundred dollars to meet several months' overdue rent?

  • And then there was withered old poni Aniele--who was a widow, and had three

  • children, and the rheumatism besides, and did washing for the tradespeople on Halsted

  • Street at prices it would break your heart to hear named.

  • Aniele had given the entire profit of her chickens for several months.

  • Eight of them she owned, and she kept them in a little place fenced around on her

  • backstairs.

  • All day long the children of Aniele were raking in the dump for food for these

  • chickens; and sometimes, when the competition there was too fierce, you might

  • see them on Halsted Street walking close to

  • the gutters, and with their mother following to see that no one robbed them of

  • their finds.

  • Money could not tell the value of these chickens to old Mrs. Jukniene--she valued

  • them differently, for she had a feeling that she was getting something for nothing

  • by means of them--that with them she was

  • getting the better of a world that was getting the better of her in so many other

  • ways.

  • So she watched them every hour of the day, and had learned to see like an owl at night

  • to watch them then.

  • One of them had been stolen long ago, and not a month passed that some one did not

  • try to steal another.

  • As the frustrating of this one attempt involved a score of false alarms, it will

  • be understood what a tribute old Mrs. Jukniene brought, just because Teta

  • Elzbieta had once loaned her some money for

  • a few days and saved her from being turned out of her house.

  • More and more friends gathered round while the lamentation about these things was

  • going on.

  • Some drew nearer, hoping to overhear the conversation, who were themselves among the

  • guilty--and surely that was a thing to try the patience of a saint.

  • Finally there came Jurgis, urged by some one, and the story was retold to him.

  • Jurgis listened in silence, with his great black eyebrows knitted.

  • Now and then there would come a gleam underneath them and he would glance about

  • the room.

  • Perhaps he would have liked to go at some of those fellows with his big clenched

  • fists; but then, doubtless, he realized how little good it would do him.

  • No bill would be any less for turning out any one at this time; and then there would

  • be the scandal--and Jurgis wanted nothing except to get away with Ona and to let the

  • world go its own way.

  • So his hands relaxed and he merely said quietly: "It is done, and there is no use

  • in weeping, Teta Elzbieta."

  • Then his look turned toward Ona, who stood close to his side, and he saw the wide look

  • of terror in her eyes. "Little one," he said, in a low voice, "do

  • not worry--it will not matter to us.

  • We will pay them all somehow. I will work harder."

  • That was always what Jurgis said. Ona had grown used to it as the solution of

  • all difficulties--"I will work harder!"

  • He had said that in Lithuania when one official had taken his passport from him,

  • and another had arrested him for being without it, and the two had divided a third

  • of his belongings.

  • He had said it again in New York, when the smooth-spoken agent had taken them in hand

  • and made them pay such high prices, and almost prevented their leaving his place,

  • in spite of their paying.

  • Now he said it a third time, and Ona drew a deep breath; it was so wonderful to have a

  • husband, just like a grown woman--and a husband who could solve all problems, and

  • who was so big and strong!

  • The last sob of little Sebastijonas has been stifled, and the orchestra has once

  • more been reminded of its duty.

  • The ceremony begins again--but there are few now left to dance with, and so very

  • soon the collection is over and promiscuous dances once more begin.

  • It is now after midnight, however, and things are not as they were before.

  • The dancers are dull and heavy--most of them have been drinking hard, and have long

  • ago passed the stage of exhilaration.

  • They dance in monotonous measure, round after round, hour after hour, with eyes

  • fixed upon vacancy, as if they were only half conscious, in a constantly growing

  • stupor.

  • The men grasp the women very tightly, but there will be half an hour together when

  • neither will see the other's face.

  • Some couples do not care to dance, and have retired to the corners, where they sit with

  • their arms enlaced.

  • Others, who have been drinking still more, wander about the room, bumping into

  • everything; some are in groups of two or three, singing, each group its own song.

  • As time goes on there is a variety of drunkenness, among the younger men

  • especially.

  • Some stagger about in each other's arms, whispering maudlin words--others start

  • quarrels upon the slightest pretext, and come to blows and have to be pulled apart.

  • Now the fat policeman wakens definitely, and feels of his club to see that it is

  • ready for business.

  • He has to be prompt--for these two-o'clock- in-the-morning fights, if they once get out

  • of hand, are like a forest fire, and may mean the whole reserves at the station.

  • The thing to do is to crack every fighting head that you see, before there are so many

  • fighting heads that you cannot crack any of them.

  • There is but scant account kept of cracked heads in back of the yards, for men who

  • have to crack the heads of animals all day seem to get into the habit, and to practice

  • on their friends, and even on their families, between times.

  • This makes it a cause for congratulation that by modern methods a very few men can

  • do the painfully necessary work of head- cracking for the whole of the cultured

  • world.

  • There is no fight that night--perhaps because Jurgis, too, is watchful--even more

  • so than the policeman.

  • Jurgis has drunk a great deal, as any one naturally would on an occasion when it all

  • has to be paid for, whether it is drunk or not; but he is a very steady man, and does

  • not easily lose his temper.

  • Only once there is a tight shave--and that is the fault of Marija Berczynskas.

  • Marija has apparently concluded about two hours ago that if the altar in the corner,

  • with the deity in soiled white, be not the true home of the muses, it is, at any rate,

  • the nearest substitute on earth attainable.

  • And Marija is just fighting drunk when there come to her ears the facts about the

  • villains who have not paid that night.

  • Marija goes on the warpath straight off, without even the preliminary of a good

  • cursing, and when she is pulled off it is with the coat collars of two villains in

  • her hands.

  • Fortunately, the policeman is disposed to be reasonable, and so it is not Marija who

  • is flung out of the place. All this interrupts the music for not more

  • than a minute or two.

  • Then again the merciless tune begins--the tune that has been played for the last

  • half-hour without one single change.

  • It is an American tune this time, one which they have picked up on the streets; all

  • seem to know the words of it--or, at any rate, the first line of it, which they hum

  • to themselves, over and over again without

  • rest: "In the good old summertime--in the good old summertime!

  • In the good old summertime--in the good old summertime!"

  • There seems to be something hypnotic about this, with its endlessly recurring

  • dominant.

  • It has put a stupor upon every one who hears it, as well as upon the men who are

  • playing it.

  • No one can get away from it, or even think of getting away from it; it is three

  • o'clock in the morning, and they have danced out all their joy, and danced out

  • all their strength, and all the strength

  • that unlimited drink can lend them--and still there is no one among them who has

  • the power to think of stopping.

  • Promptly at seven o'clock this same Monday morning they will every one of them have to

  • be in their places at Durham's or Brown's or Jones's, each in his working clothes.

  • If one of them be a minute late, he will be docked an hour's pay, and if he be many

  • minutes late, he will be apt to find his brass check turned to the wall, which will

  • send him out to join the hungry mob that

  • waits every morning at the gates of the packing houses, from six o'clock until

  • nearly half-past eight.

  • There is no exception to this rule, not even little Ona--who has asked for a

  • holiday the day after her wedding day, a holiday without pay, and been refused.

  • While there are so many who are anxious to work as you wish, there is no occasion for

  • incommoding yourself with those who must work otherwise.

  • Little Ona is nearly ready to faint--and half in a stupor herself, because of the

  • heavy scent in the room.

  • She has not taken a drop, but every one else there is literally burning alcohol, as

  • the lamps are burning oil; some of the men who are sound asleep in their chairs or on

  • the floor are reeking of it so that you cannot go near them.

  • Now and then Jurgis gazes at her hungrily-- he has long since forgotten his shyness;

  • but then the crowd is there, and he still waits and watches the door, where a

  • carriage is supposed to come.

  • It does not, and finally he will wait no longer, but comes up to Ona, who turns

  • white and trembles. He puts her shawl about her and then his

  • own coat.

  • They live only two blocks away, and Jurgis does not care about the carriage.

  • There is almost no farewell--the dancers do not notice them, and all of the children

  • and many of the old folks have fallen asleep of sheer exhaustion.

  • Dede Antanas is asleep, and so are the Szedvilases, husband and wife, the former

  • snoring in octaves.

  • There is Teta Elzbieta, and Marija, sobbing loudly; and then there is only the silent

  • night, with the stars beginning to pale a little in the east.

  • Jurgis, without a word, lifts Ona in his arms, and strides out with her, and she

  • sinks her head upon his shoulder with a moan.

  • When he reaches home he is not sure whether she has fainted or is asleep, but when he

  • has to hold her with one hand while he unlocks the door, he sees that she has

  • opened her eyes.

  • "You shall not go to Brown's today, little one," he whispers, as he climbs the stairs;

  • and she catches his arm in terror, gasping: "No! No! I dare not!

  • It will ruin us!"

  • But he answers her again: "Leave it to me; leave it to me.

  • I will earn more money--I will work harder."

  • >

  • CHAPTER 2

  • Jurgis talked lightly about work, because he was young.

  • They told him stories about the breaking down of men, there in the stockyards of

  • Chicago, and of what had happened to them afterward--stories to make your flesh

  • creep, but Jurgis would only laugh.

  • He had only been there four months, and he was young, and a giant besides.

  • There was too much health in him. He could not even imagine how it would feel

  • to be beaten.

  • "That is well enough for men like you," he would say, "silpnas, puny fellows--but my

  • back is broad." Jurgis was like a boy, a boy from the

  • country.

  • He was the sort of man the bosses like to get hold of, the sort they make it a

  • grievance they cannot get hold of. When he was told to go to a certain place,

  • he would go there on the run.

  • When he had nothing to do for the moment, he would stand round fidgeting, dancing,

  • with the overflow of energy that was in him.

  • If he were working in a line of men, the line always moved too slowly for him, and

  • you could pick him out by his impatience and restlessness.

  • That was why he had been picked out on one important occasion; for Jurgis had stood

  • outside of Brown and Company's "Central Time Station" not more than half an hour,

  • the second day of his arrival in Chicago,

  • before he had been beckoned by one of the bosses.

  • Of this he was very proud, and it made him more disposed than ever to laugh at the

  • pessimists.

  • In vain would they all tell him that there were men in that crowd from which he had

  • been chosen who had stood there a month-- yes, many months--and not been chosen yet.

  • "Yes," he would say, "but what sort of men?

  • Broken-down tramps and good-for-nothings, fellows who have spent all their money

  • drinking, and want to get more for it.

  • Do you want me to believe that with these arms"--and he would clench his fists and

  • hold them up in the air, so that you might see the rolling muscles--"that with these

  • arms people will ever let me starve?"

  • "It is plain," they would answer to this, "that you have come from the country, and

  • from very far in the country."

  • And this was the fact, for Jurgis had never seen a city, and scarcely even a fair-sized

  • town, until he had set out to make his fortune in the world and earn his right to

  • Ona.

  • His father, and his father's father before him, and as many ancestors back as legend

  • could go, had lived in that part of Lithuania known as Brelovicz, the Imperial

  • Forest.

  • This is a great tract of a hundred thousand acres, which from time immemorial has been

  • a hunting preserve of the nobility.

  • There are a very few peasants settled in it, holding title from ancient times; and

  • one of these was Antanas Rudkus, who had been reared himself, and had reared his

  • children in turn, upon half a dozen acres

  • of cleared land in the midst of a wilderness.

  • There had been one son besides Jurgis, and one sister.

  • The former had been drafted into the army; that had been over ten years ago, but since

  • that day nothing had ever been heard of him.

  • The sister was married, and her husband had bought the place when old Antanas had

  • decided to go with his son.

  • It was nearly a year and a half ago that Jurgis had met Ona, at a horse fair a

  • hundred miles from home.

  • Jurgis had never expected to get married-- he had laughed at it as a foolish trap for

  • a man to walk into; but here, without ever having spoken a word to her, with no more

  • than the exchange of half a dozen smiles,

  • he found himself, purple in the face with embarrassment and terror, asking her

  • parents to sell her to him for his wife-- and offering his father's two horses he had

  • been sent to the fair to sell.

  • But Ona's father proved as a rock--the girl was yet a child, and he was a rich man, and

  • his daughter was not to be had in that way.

  • So Jurgis went home with a heavy heart, and that spring and summer toiled and tried

  • hard to forget.

  • In the fall, after the harvest was over, he saw that it would not do, and tramped the

  • full fortnight's journey that lay between him and Ona.

  • He found an unexpected state of affairs-- for the girl's father had died, and his

  • estate was tied up with creditors; Jurgis' heart leaped as he realized that now the

  • prize was within his reach.

  • There was Elzbieta Lukoszaite, Teta, or Aunt, as they called her, Ona's stepmother,

  • and there were her six children, of all ages.

  • There was also her brother Jonas, a dried- up little man who had worked upon the farm.

  • They were people of great consequence, as it seemed to Jurgis, fresh out of the

  • woods; Ona knew how to read, and knew many other things that he did not know, and now

  • the farm had been sold, and the whole

  • family was adrift--all they owned in the world being about seven hundred rubles

  • which is half as many dollars.

  • They would have had three times that, but it had gone to court, and the judge had

  • decided against them, and it had cost the balance to get him to change his decision.

  • Ona might have married and left them, but she would not, for she loved Teta Elzbieta.

  • It was Jonas who suggested that they all go to America, where a friend of his had

  • gotten rich.

  • He would work, for his part, and the women would work, and some of the children,

  • doubtless--they would live somehow. Jurgis, too, had heard of America.

  • That was a country where, they said, a man might earn three rubles a day; and Jurgis

  • figured what three rubles a day would mean, with prices as they were where he lived,

  • and decided forthwith that he would go to

  • America and marry, and be a rich man in the bargain.

  • In that country, rich or poor, a man was free, it was said; he did not have to go

  • into the army, he did not have to pay out his money to rascally officials--he might

  • do as he pleased, and count himself as good as any other man.

  • So America was a place of which lovers and young people dreamed.

  • If one could only manage to get the price of a passage, he could count his troubles

  • at an end.

  • It was arranged that they should leave the following spring, and meantime Jurgis sold

  • himself to a contractor for a certain time, and tramped nearly four hundred miles from

  • home with a gang of men to work upon a railroad in Smolensk.

  • This was a fearful experience, with filth and bad food and cruelty and overwork; but

  • Jurgis stood it and came out in fine trim, and with eighty rubles sewed up in his

  • coat.

  • He did not drink or fight, because he was thinking all the time of Ona; and for the

  • rest, he was a quiet, steady man, who did what he was told to, did not lose his

  • temper often, and when he did lose it made

  • the offender anxious that he should not lose it again.

  • When they paid him off he dodged the company gamblers and dramshops, and so they

  • tried to kill him; but he escaped, and tramped it home, working at odd jobs, and

  • sleeping always with one eye open.

  • So in the summer time they had all set out for America.

  • At the last moment there joined them Marija Berczynskas, who was a cousin of Ona's.

  • Marija was an orphan, and had worked since childhood for a rich farmer of Vilna, who

  • beat her regularly.

  • It was only at the age of twenty that it had occurred to Marija to try her strength,

  • when she had risen up and nearly murdered the man, and then come away.

  • There were twelve in all in the party, five adults and six children--and Ona, who was a

  • little of both.

  • They had a hard time on the passage; there was an agent who helped them, but he proved

  • a scoundrel, and got them into a trap with some officials, and cost them a good deal

  • of their precious money, which they clung to with such horrible fear.

  • This happened to them again in New York-- for, of course, they knew nothing about the

  • country, and had no one to tell them, and it was easy for a man in a blue uniform to

  • lead them away, and to take them to a hotel

  • and keep them there, and make them pay enormous charges to get away.

  • The law says that the rate card shall be on the door of a hotel, but it does not say

  • that it shall be in Lithuanian.

  • It was in the stockyards that Jonas' friend had gotten rich, and so to Chicago the

  • party was bound.

  • They knew that one word, Chicago and that was all they needed to know, at least,

  • until they reached the city.

  • Then, tumbled out of the cars without ceremony, they were no better off than

  • before; they stood staring down the vista of Dearborn Street, with its big black

  • buildings towering in the distance, unable

  • to realize that they had arrived, and why, when they said "Chicago," people no longer

  • pointed in some direction, but instead looked perplexed, or laughed, or went on

  • without paying any attention.

  • They were pitiable in their helplessness; above all things they stood in deadly

  • terror of any sort of person in official uniform, and so whenever they saw a

  • policeman they would cross the street and hurry by.

  • For the whole of the first day they wandered about in the midst of deafening

  • confusion, utterly lost; and it was only at night that, cowering in the doorway of a

  • house, they were finally discovered and taken by a policeman to the station.

  • In the morning an interpreter was found, and they were taken and put upon a car, and

  • taught a new word--"stockyards."

  • Their delight at discovering that they were to get out of this adventure without losing

  • another share of their possessions it would not be possible to describe.

  • They sat and stared out of the window.

  • They were on a street which seemed to run on forever, mile after mile--thirty-four of

  • them, if they had known it--and each side of it one uninterrupted row of wretched

  • little two-story frame buildings.

  • Down every side street they could see, it was the same--never a hill and never a

  • hollow, but always the same endless vista of ugly and dirty little wooden buildings.

  • Here and there would be a bridge crossing a filthy creek, with hard-baked mud shores

  • and dingy sheds and docks along it; here and there would be a railroad crossing,

  • with a tangle of switches, and locomotives

  • puffing, and rattling freight cars filing by; here and there would be a great

  • factory, a dingy building with innumerable windows in it, and immense volumes of smoke

  • pouring from the chimneys, darkening the

  • air above and making filthy the earth beneath.

  • But after each of these interruptions, the desolate procession would begin again--the

  • procession of dreary little buildings.

  • A full hour before the party reached the city they had begun to note the perplexing

  • changes in the atmosphere. It grew darker all the time, and upon the

  • earth the grass seemed to grow less green.

  • Every minute, as the train sped on, the colors of things became dingier; the fields

  • were grown parched and yellow, the landscape hideous and bare.

  • And along with the thickening smoke they began to notice another circumstance, a

  • strange, pungent odor.

  • They were not sure that it was unpleasant, this odor; some might have called it

  • sickening, but their taste in odors was not developed, and they were only sure that it

  • was curious.

  • Now, sitting in the trolley car, they realized that they were on their way to the

  • home of it--that they had traveled all the way from Lithuania to it.

  • It was now no longer something far off and faint, that you caught in whiffs; you could

  • literally taste it, as well as smell it-- you could take hold of it, almost, and

  • examine it at your leisure.

  • They were divided in their opinions about it.

  • It was an elemental odor, raw and crude; it was rich, almost rancid, sensual, and

  • strong.

  • There were some who drank it in as if it were an intoxicant; there were others who

  • put their handkerchiefs to their faces.

  • The new emigrants were still tasting it, lost in wonder, when suddenly the car came

  • to a halt, and the door was flung open, and a voice shouted--"Stockyards!"

  • They were left standing upon the corner, staring; down a side street there were two

  • rows of brick houses, and between them a vista: half a dozen chimneys, tall as the

  • tallest of buildings, touching the very

  • sky--and leaping from them half a dozen columns of smoke, thick, oily, and black as

  • night.

  • It might have come from the center of the world, this smoke, where the fires of the

  • ages still smolder. It came as if self-impelled, driving all

  • before it, a perpetual explosion.

  • It was inexhaustible; one stared, waiting to see it stop, but still the great streams

  • rolled out.

  • They spread in vast clouds overhead, writhing, curling; then, uniting in one

  • giant river, they streamed away down the sky, stretching a black pall as far as the

  • eye could reach.

  • Then the party became aware of another strange thing.

  • This, too, like the color, was a thing elemental; it was a sound, a sound made up

  • of ten thousand little sounds.

  • You scarcely noticed it at first--it sunk into your consciousness, a vague

  • disturbance, a trouble.

  • It was like the murmuring of the bees in the spring, the whisperings of the forest;

  • it suggested endless activity, the rumblings of a world in motion.

  • It was only by an effort that one could realize that it was made by animals, that

  • it was the distant lowing of ten thousand cattle, the distant grunting of ten

  • thousand swine.

  • They would have liked to follow it up, but, alas, they had no time for adventures just

  • then.

  • The policeman on the corner was beginning to watch them; and so, as usual, they

  • started up the street.

  • Scarcely had they gone a block, however, before Jonas was heard to give a cry, and

  • began pointing excitedly across the street.

  • Before they could gather the meaning of his breathless ejaculations he had bounded

  • away, and they saw him enter a shop, over which was a sign: "J. Szedvilas,

  • Delicatessen."

  • When he came out again it was in company with a very stout gentleman in shirt

  • sleeves and an apron, clasping Jonas by both hands and laughing hilariously.

  • Then Teta Elzbieta recollected suddenly that Szedvilas had been the name of the

  • mythical friend who had made his fortune in America.

  • To find that he had been making it in the delicatessen business was an extraordinary

  • piece of good fortune at this juncture; though it was well on in the morning, they

  • had not breakfasted, and the children were beginning to whimper.

  • Thus was the happy ending to a woeful voyage.

  • The two families literally fell upon each other's necks--for it had been years since

  • Jokubas Szedvilas had met a man from his part of Lithuania.

  • Before half the day they were lifelong friends.

  • Jokubas understood all the pitfalls of this new world, and could explain all of its

  • mysteries; he could tell them the things they ought to have done in the different

  • emergencies--and what was still more to the point, he could tell them what to do now.

  • He would take them to poni Aniele, who kept a boardinghouse the other side of the

  • yards; old Mrs. Jukniene, he explained, had not what one would call choice

  • accommodations, but they might do for the moment.

  • To this Teta Elzbieta hastened to respond that nothing could be too cheap to suit

  • them just then; for they were quite terrified over the sums they had had to

  • expend.

  • A very few days of practical experience in this land of high wages had been sufficient

  • to make clear to them the cruel fact that it was also a land of high prices, and that

  • in it the poor man was almost as poor as in

  • any other corner of the earth; and so there vanished in a night all the wonderful

  • dreams of wealth that had been haunting Jurgis.

  • What had made the discovery all the more painful was that they were spending, at

  • American prices, money which they had earned at home rates of wages--and so were

  • really being cheated by the world!

  • The last two days they had all but starved themselves--it made them quite sick to pay

  • the prices that the railroad people asked them for food.

  • Yet, when they saw the home of the Widow Jukniene they could not but recoil, even

  • so, in all their journey they had seen nothing so bad as this.

  • Poni Aniele had a four-room flat in one of that wilderness of two-story frame

  • tenements that lie "back of the yards."

  • There were four such flats in each building, and each of the four was a

  • "boardinghouse" for the occupancy of foreigners--Lithuanians, Poles, Slovaks, or

  • Bohemians.

  • Some of these places were kept by private persons, some were cooperative.

  • There would be an average of half a dozen boarders to each room--sometimes there were

  • thirteen or fourteen to one room, fifty or sixty to a flat.

  • Each one of the occupants furnished his own accommodations--that is, a mattress and

  • some bedding.

  • The mattresses would be spread upon the floor in rows--and there would be nothing

  • else in the place except a stove.

  • It was by no means unusual for two men to own the same mattress in common, one

  • working by day and using it by night, and the other working at night and using it in

  • the daytime.

  • Very frequently a lodging house keeper would rent the same beds to double shifts

  • of men. Mrs. Jukniene was a wizened-up little

  • woman, with a wrinkled face.

  • Her home was unthinkably filthy; you could not enter by the front door at all, owing

  • to the mattresses, and when you tried to go up the backstairs you found that she had

  • walled up most of the porch with old boards to make a place to keep her chickens.

  • It was a standing jest of the boarders that Aniele cleaned house by letting the

  • chickens loose in the rooms.

  • Undoubtedly this did keep down the vermin, but it seemed probable, in view of all the

  • circumstances, that the old lady regarded it rather as feeding the chickens than as

  • cleaning the rooms.

  • The truth was that she had definitely given up the idea of cleaning anything, under

  • pressure of an attack of rheumatism, which had kept her doubled up in one corner of

  • her room for over a week; during which time

  • eleven of her boarders, heavily in her debt, had concluded to try their chances of

  • employment in Kansas City. This was July, and the fields were green.

  • One never saw the fields, nor any green thing whatever, in Packingtown; but one

  • could go out on the road and "hobo it," as the men phrased it, and see the country,

  • and have a long rest, and an easy time riding on the freight cars.

  • Such was the home to which the new arrivals were welcomed.

  • There was nothing better to be had--they might not do so well by looking further,

  • for Mrs. Jukniene had at least kept one room for herself and her three little

  • children, and now offered to share this with the women and the girls of the party.

  • They could get bedding at a secondhand store, she explained; and they would not

  • need any, while the weather was so hot-- doubtless they would all sleep on the

  • sidewalk such nights as this, as did nearly all of her guests.

  • "Tomorrow," Jurgis said, when they were left alone, "tomorrow I will get a job, and

  • perhaps Jonas will get one also; and then we can get a place of our own."

  • Later that afternoon he and Ona went out to take a walk and look about them, to see

  • more of this district which was to be their home.

  • In back of the yards the dreary two-story frame houses were scattered farther apart,

  • and there were great spaces bare--that seemingly had been overlooked by the great

  • sore of a city as it spread itself over the surface of the prairie.

  • These bare places were grown up with dingy, yellow weeds, hiding innumerable tomato

  • cans; innumerable children played upon them, chasing one another here and there,

  • screaming and fighting.

  • The most uncanny thing about this neighborhood was the number of the

  • children; you thought there must be a school just out, and it was only after long

  • acquaintance that you were able to realize

  • that there was no school, but that these were the children of the neighborhood--that

  • there were so many children to the block in Packingtown that nowhere on its streets

  • could a horse and buggy move faster than a walk!

  • It could not move faster anyhow, on account of the state of the streets.

  • Those through which Jurgis and Ona were walking resembled streets less than they

  • did a miniature topographical map.

  • The roadway was commonly several feet lower than the level of the houses, which were

  • sometimes joined by high board walks; there were no pavements--there were mountains and

  • valleys and rivers, gullies and ditches,

  • and great hollows full of stinking green water.

  • In these pools the children played, and rolled about in the mud of the streets;

  • here and there one noticed them digging in it, after trophies which they had stumbled

  • on.

  • One wondered about this, as also about the swarms of flies which hung about the scene,

  • literally blackening the air, and the strange, fetid odor which assailed one's

  • nostrils, a ghastly odor, of all the dead things of the universe.

  • It impelled the visitor to questions and then the residents would explain, quietly,

  • that all this was "made" land, and that it had been "made" by using it as a dumping

  • ground for the city garbage.

  • After a few years the unpleasant effect of this would pass away, it was said; but

  • meantime, in hot weather--and especially when it rained--the flies were apt to be

  • annoying.

  • Was it not unhealthful? the stranger would ask, and the residents would answer,

  • "Perhaps; but there is no telling."

  • A little way farther on, and Jurgis and Ona, staring open-eyed and wondering, came

  • to the place where this "made" ground was in process of making.

  • Here was a great hole, perhaps two city blocks square, and with long files of

  • garbage wagons creeping into it.

  • The place had an odor for which there are no polite words; and it was sprinkled over

  • with children, who raked in it from dawn till dark.

  • Sometimes visitors from the packing houses would wander out to see this "dump," and

  • they would stand by and debate as to whether the children were eating the food

  • they got, or merely collecting it for the chickens at home.

  • Apparently none of them ever went down to find out.

  • Beyond this dump there stood a great brickyard, with smoking chimneys.

  • First they took out the soil to make bricks, and then they filled it up again

  • with garbage, which seemed to Jurgis and Ona a felicitous arrangement,

  • characteristic of an enterprising country like America.

  • A little way beyond was another great hole, which they had emptied and not yet filled

  • up.

  • This held water, and all summer it stood there, with the near-by soil draining into

  • it, festering and stewing in the sun; and then, when winter came, somebody cut the

  • ice on it, and sold it to the people of the city.

  • This, too, seemed to the newcomers an economical arrangement; for they did not

  • read the newspapers, and their heads were not full of troublesome thoughts about

  • "germs."

  • They stood there while the sun went down upon this scene, and the sky in the west

  • turned blood-red, and the tops of the houses shone like fire.

  • Jurgis and Ona were not thinking of the sunset, however--their backs were turned to

  • it, and all their thoughts were of Packingtown, which they could see so

  • plainly in the distance.

  • The line of the buildings stood clear-cut and black against the sky; here and there

  • out of the mass rose the great chimneys, with the river of smoke streaming away to

  • the end of the world.

  • It was a study in colors now, this smoke; in the sunset light it was black and brown

  • and gray and purple.

  • All the sordid suggestions of the place were gone--in the twilight it was a vision

  • of power.

  • To the two who stood watching while the darkness swallowed it up, it seemed a dream

  • of wonder, with its talc of human energy, of things being done, of employment for

  • thousands upon thousands of men, of

  • opportunity and freedom, of life and love and joy.

  • When they came away, arm in arm, Jurgis was saying, "Tomorrow I shall go there and get

  • a job!"

  • >

  • CHAPTER 3

  • In his capacity as delicatessen vender, Jokubas Szedvilas had many acquaintances.

  • Among these was one of the special policemen employed by Durham, whose duty it

  • frequently was to pick out men for employment.

  • Jokubas had never tried it, but he expressed a certainty that he could get

  • some of his friends a job through this man.

  • It was agreed, after consultation, that he should make the effort with old Antanas and

  • with Jonas. Jurgis was confident of his ability to get

  • work for himself, unassisted by any one.

  • As we have said before, he was not mistaken in this.

  • He had gone to Brown's and stood there not more than half an hour before one of the

  • bosses noticed his form towering above the rest, and signaled to him.

  • The colloquy which followed was brief and to the point:

  • "Speak English?" "No; Lit-uanian."

  • (Jurgis had studied this word carefully.)

  • "Job?" "Je."

  • (A nod.) "Worked here before?"

  • "No 'stand."

  • (Signals and gesticulations on the part of the boss.

  • Vigorous shakes of the head by Jurgis.) "Shovel guts?"

  • "No 'stand."

  • (More shakes of the head.) "Zarnos.

  • Pagaiksztis. Szluofa!"

  • (Imitative motions.)

  • "Je." "See door.

  • Durys?" (Pointing.)

  • "Je."

  • "To-morrow, seven o'clock. Understand?

  • Rytoj! Prieszpietys!

  • Septyni!"

  • "Dekui, tamistai!" (Thank you, sir.)

  • And that was all.

  • Jurgis turned away, and then in a sudden rush the full realization of his triumph

  • swept over him, and he gave a yell and a jump, and started off on a run.

  • He had a job!

  • He had a job!

  • And he went all the way home as if upon wings, and burst into the house like a

  • cyclone, to the rage of the numerous lodgers who had just turned in for their

  • daily sleep.

  • Meantime Jokubas had been to see his friend the policeman, and received encouragement,

  • so it was a happy party.

  • There being no more to be done that day, the shop was left under the care of Lucija,

  • and her husband sallied forth to show his friends the sights of Packingtown.

  • Jokubas did this with the air of a country gentleman escorting a party of visitors

  • over his estate; he was an old-time resident, and all these wonders had grown

  • up under his eyes, and he had a personal pride in them.

  • The packers might own the land, but he claimed the landscape, and there was no one

  • to say nay to this.

  • They passed down the busy street that led to the yards.

  • It was still early morning, and everything was at its high tide of activity.

  • A steady stream of employees was pouring through the gate--employees of the higher

  • sort, at this hour, clerks and stenographers and such.

  • For the women there were waiting big two- horse wagons, which set off at a gallop as

  • fast as they were filled.

  • In the distance there was heard again the lowing of the cattle, a sound as of a far-

  • off ocean calling.

  • They followed it, this time, as eager as children in sight of a circus menagerie--

  • which, indeed, the scene a good deal resembled.

  • They crossed the railroad tracks, and then on each side of the street were the pens

  • full of cattle; they would have stopped to look, but Jokubas hurried them on, to where

  • there was a stairway and a raised gallery, from which everything could be seen.

  • Here they stood, staring, breathless with wonder.

  • There is over a square mile of space in the yards, and more than half of it is occupied

  • by cattle pens; north and south as far as the eye can reach there stretches a sea of

  • pens.

  • And they were all filled--so many cattle no one had ever dreamed existed in the world.

  • Red cattle, black, white, and yellow cattle; old cattle and young cattle; great

  • bellowing bulls and little calves not an hour born; meek-eyed milch cows and fierce,

  • long-horned Texas steers.

  • The sound of them here was as of all the barnyards of the universe; and as for

  • counting them--it would have taken all day simply to count the pens.

  • Here and there ran long alleys, blocked at intervals by gates; and Jokubas told them

  • that the number of these gates was twenty- five thousand.

  • Jokubas had recently been reading a newspaper article which was full of

  • statistics such as that, and he was very proud as he repeated them and made his

  • guests cry out with wonder.

  • Jurgis too had a little of this sense of pride.

  • Had he not just gotten a job, and become a sharer in all this activity, a cog in this

  • marvelous machine?

  • Here and there about the alleys galloped men upon horseback, booted, and carrying

  • long whips; they were very busy, calling to each other, and to those who were driving

  • the cattle.

  • They were drovers and stock raisers, who had come from far states, and brokers and

  • commission merchants, and buyers for all the big packing houses.

  • Here and there they would stop to inspect a bunch of cattle, and there would be a

  • parley, brief and businesslike.

  • The buyer would nod or drop his whip, and that would mean a bargain; and he would

  • note it in his little book, along with hundreds of others he had made that

  • morning.

  • Then Jokubas pointed out the place where the cattle were driven to be weighed, upon

  • a great scale that would weigh a hundred thousand pounds at once and record it

  • automatically.

  • It was near to the east entrance that they stood, and all along this east side of the

  • yards ran the railroad tracks, into which the cars were run, loaded with cattle.

  • All night long this had been going on, and now the pens were full; by tonight they

  • would all be empty, and the same thing would be done again.

  • "And what will become of all these creatures?" cried Teta Elzbieta.

  • "By tonight," Jokubas answered, "they will all be killed and cut up; and over there on

  • the other side of the packing houses are more railroad tracks, where the cars come

  • to take them away."

  • There were two hundred and fifty miles of track within the yards, their guide went on

  • to tell them.

  • They brought about ten thousand head of cattle every day, and as many hogs, and

  • half as many sheep--which meant some eight or ten million live creatures turned into

  • food every year.

  • One stood and watched, and little by little caught the drift of the tide, as it set in

  • the direction of the packing houses.

  • There were groups of cattle being driven to the chutes, which were roadways about

  • fifteen feet wide, raised high above the pens.

  • In these chutes the stream of animals was continuous; it was quite uncanny to watch

  • them, pressing on to their fate, all unsuspicious a very river of death.

  • Our friends were not poetical, and the sight suggested to them no metaphors of

  • human destiny; they thought only of the wonderful efficiency of it all.

  • The chutes into which the hogs went climbed high up--to the very top of the distant

  • buildings; and Jokubas explained that the hogs went up by the power of their own

  • legs, and then their weight carried them

  • back through all the processes necessary to make them into pork.

  • "They don't waste anything here," said the guide, and then he laughed and added a

  • witticism, which he was pleased that his unsophisticated friends should take to be

  • his own: "They use everything about the hog except the squeal."

  • In front of Brown's General Office building there grows a tiny plot of grass, and this,

  • you may learn, is the only bit of green thing in Packingtown; likewise this jest

  • about the hog and his squeal, the stock in

  • trade of all the guides, is the one gleam of humor that you will find there.

  • After they had seen enough of the pens, the party went up the street, to the mass of

  • buildings which occupy the center of the yards.

  • These buildings, made of brick and stained with innumerable layers of Packingtown

  • smoke, were painted all over with advertising signs, from which the visitor

  • realized suddenly that he had come to the home of many of the torments of his life.

  • It was here that they made those products with the wonders of which they pestered him

  • so--by placards that defaced the landscape when he traveled, and by staring

  • advertisements in the newspapers and

  • magazines--by silly little jingles that he could not get out of his mind, and gaudy

  • pictures that lurked for him around every street corner.

  • Here was where they made Brown's Imperial Hams and Bacon, Brown's Dressed Beef,

  • Brown's Excelsior Sausages!

  • Here was the headquarters of Durham's Pure Leaf Lard, of Durham's Breakfast Bacon,

  • Durham's Canned Beef, Potted Ham, Deviled Chicken, Peerless Fertilizer!

  • Entering one of the Durham buildings, they found a number of other visitors waiting;

  • and before long there came a guide, to escort them through the place.

  • They make a great feature of showing strangers through the packing plants, for

  • it is a good advertisement.

  • But Ponas Jokubas whispered maliciously that the visitors did not see any more than

  • the packers wanted them to.

  • They climbed a long series of stairways outside of the building, to the top of its

  • five or six stories.

  • Here was the chute, with its river of hogs, all patiently toiling upward; there was a

  • place for them to rest to cool off, and then through another passageway they went

  • into a room from which there is no returning for hogs.

  • It was a long, narrow room, with a gallery along it for visitors.

  • At the head there was a great iron wheel, about twenty feet in circumference, with

  • rings here and there along its edge.

  • Upon both sides of this wheel there was a narrow space, into which came the hogs at

  • the end of their journey; in the midst of them stood a great burly Negro, bare-armed

  • and bare-chested.

  • He was resting for the moment, for the wheel had stopped while men were cleaning

  • up.

  • In a minute or two, however, it began slowly to revolve, and then the men upon

  • each side of it sprang to work.

  • They had chains which they fastened about the leg of the nearest hog, and the other

  • end of the chain they hooked into one of the rings upon the wheel.

  • So, as the wheel turned, a hog was suddenly jerked off his feet and borne aloft.

  • At the same instant the car was assailed by a most terrifying shriek; the visitors

  • started in alarm, the women turned pale and shrank back.

  • The shriek was followed by another, louder and yet more agonizing--for once started

  • upon that journey, the hog never came back; at the top of the wheel he was shunted off

  • upon a trolley, and went sailing down the room.

  • And meantime another was swung up, and then another, and another, until there was a

  • double line of them, each dangling by a foot and kicking in frenzy--and squealing.

  • The uproar was appalling, perilous to the eardrums; one feared there was too much

  • sound for the room to hold--that the walls must give way or the ceiling crack.

  • There were high squeals and low squeals, grunts, and wails of agony; there would

  • come a momentary lull, and then a fresh outburst, louder than ever, surging up to a

  • deafening climax.

  • It was too much for some of the visitors-- the men would look at each other, laughing

  • nervously, and the women would stand with hands clenched, and the blood rushing to

  • their faces, and the tears starting in their eyes.

  • Meantime, heedless of all these things, the men upon the floor were going about their

  • work.

  • Neither squeals of hogs nor tears of visitors made any difference to them; one

  • by one they hooked up the hogs, and one by one with a swift stroke they slit their

  • throats.

  • There was a long line of hogs, with squeals and lifeblood ebbing away together; until

  • at last each started again, and vanished with a splash into a huge vat of boiling

  • water.

  • It was all so very businesslike that one watched it fascinated.

  • It was porkmaking by machinery, porkmaking by applied mathematics.

  • And yet somehow the most matter-of-fact person could not help thinking of the hogs;

  • they were so innocent, they came so very trustingly; and they were so very human in

  • their protests--and so perfectly within their rights!

  • They had done nothing to deserve it; and it was adding insult to injury, as the thing

  • was done here, swinging them up in this cold-blooded, impersonal way, without a

  • pretense of apology, without the homage of a tear.

  • Now and then a visitor wept, to be sure; but this slaughtering machine ran on,

  • visitors or no visitors.

  • It was like some horrible crime committed in a dungeon, all unseen and unheeded,

  • buried out of sight and of memory.

  • One could not stand and watch very long without becoming philosophical, without

  • beginning to deal in symbols and similes, and to hear the hog squeal of the universe.

  • Was it permitted to believe that there was nowhere upon the earth, or above the earth,

  • a heaven for hogs, where they were requited for all this suffering?

  • Each one of these hogs was a separate creature.

  • Some were white hogs, some were black; some were brown, some were spotted; some were

  • old, some young; some were long and lean, some were monstrous.

  • And each of them had an individuality of his own, a will of his own, a hope and a

  • heart's desire; each was full of self- confidence, of self-importance, and a sense

  • of dignity.

  • And trusting and strong in faith he had gone about his business, the while a black

  • shadow hung over him and a horrid Fate waited in his pathway.

  • Now suddenly it had swooped upon him, and had seized him by the leg.

  • Relentless, remorseless, it was; all his protests, his screams, were nothing to it--

  • it did its cruel will with him, as if his wishes, his feelings, had simply no

  • existence at all; it cut his throat and watched him gasp out his life.

  • And now was one to believe that there was nowhere a god of hogs, to whom this hog

  • personality was precious, to whom these hog squeals and agonies had a meaning?

  • Who would take this hog into his arms and comfort him, reward him for his work well

  • done, and show him the meaning of his sacrifice?

  • Perhaps some glimpse of all this was in the thoughts of our humble-minded Jurgis, as he

  • turned to go on with the rest of the party, and muttered: "Dieve--but I'm glad I'm not

  • a hog!"

  • The carcass hog was scooped out of the vat by machinery, and then it fell to the

  • second floor, passing on the way through a wonderful machine with numerous scrapers,

  • which adjusted themselves to the size and

  • shape of the animal, and sent it out at the other end with nearly all of its bristles

  • removed.

  • It was then again strung up by machinery, and sent upon another trolley ride; this

  • time passing between two lines of men, who sat upon a raised platform, each doing a

  • certain single thing to the carcass as it came to him.

  • One scraped the outside of a leg; another scraped the inside of the same leg.

  • One with a swift stroke cut the throat; another with two swift strokes severed the

  • head, which fell to the floor and vanished through a hole.

  • Another made a slit down the body; a second opened the body wider; a third with a saw

  • cut the breastbone; a fourth loosened the entrails; a fifth pulled them out--and they

  • also slid through a hole in the floor.

  • There were men to scrape each side and men to scrape the back; there were men to clean

  • the carcass inside, to trim it and wash it.

  • Looking down this room, one saw, creeping slowly, a line of dangling hogs a hundred

  • yards in length; and for every yard there was a man, working as if a demon were after

  • him.

  • At the end of this hog's progress every inch of the carcass had been gone over

  • several times; and then it was rolled into the chilling room, where it stayed for

  • twenty-four hours, and where a stranger

  • might lose himself in a forest of freezing hogs.

  • Before the carcass was admitted here, however, it had to pass a government

  • inspector, who sat in the doorway and felt of the glands in the neck for tuberculosis.

  • This government inspector did not have the manner of a man who was worked to death; he

  • was apparently not haunted by a fear that the hog might get by him before he had

  • finished his testing.

  • If you were a sociable person, he was quite willing to enter into conversation with

  • you, and to explain to you the deadly nature of the ptomaines which are found in

  • tubercular pork; and while he was talking

  • with you you could hardly be so ungrateful as to notice that a dozen carcasses were

  • passing him untouched.

  • This inspector wore a blue uniform, with brass buttons, and he gave an atmosphere of

  • authority to the scene, and, as it were, put the stamp of official approval upon the

  • things which were done in Durham's.

  • Jurgis went down the line with the rest of the visitors, staring open-mouthed, lost in

  • wonder.

  • He had dressed hogs himself in the forest of Lithuania; but he had never expected to

  • live to see one hog dressed by several hundred men.

  • It was like a wonderful poem to him, and he took it all in guilelessly--even to the

  • conspicuous signs demanding immaculate cleanliness of the employees.

  • Jurgis was vexed when the cynical Jokubas translated these signs with sarcastic

  • comments, offering to take them to the secret rooms where the spoiled meats went

  • to be doctored.

  • The party descended to the next floor, where the various waste materials were

  • treated.

  • Here came the entrails, to be scraped and washed clean for sausage casings; men and

  • women worked here in the midst of a sickening stench, which caused the visitors

  • to hasten by, gasping.

  • To another room came all the scraps to be "tanked," which meant boiling and pumping

  • off the grease to make soap and lard; below they took out the refuse, and this, too,

  • was a region in which the visitors did not linger.

  • In still other places men were engaged in cutting up the carcasses that had been

  • through the chilling rooms.

  • First there were the "splitters," the most expert workmen in the plant, who earned as

  • high as fifty cents an hour, and did not a thing all day except chop hogs down the

  • middle.

  • Then there were "cleaver men," great giants with muscles of iron; each had two men to

  • attend him--to slide the half carcass in front of him on the table, and hold it

  • while he chopped it, and then turn each piece so that he might chop it once more.

  • His cleaver had a blade about two feet long, and he never made but one cut; he

  • made it so neatly, too, that his implement did not smite through and dull itself--

  • there was just enough force for a perfect cut, and no more.

  • So through various yawning holes there slipped to the floor below--to one room

  • hams, to another forequarters, to another sides of pork.

  • One might go down to this floor and see the pickling rooms, where the hams were put

  • into vats, and the great smoke rooms, with their airtight iron doors.

  • In other rooms they prepared salt pork-- there were whole cellars full of it, built

  • up in great towers to the ceiling.

  • In yet other rooms they were putting up meats in boxes and barrels, and wrapping

  • hams and bacon in oiled paper, sealing and labeling and sewing them.

  • From the doors of these rooms went men with loaded trucks, to the platform where

  • freight cars were waiting to be filled; and one went out there and realized with a

  • start that he had come at last to the ground floor of this enormous building.

  • Then the party went across the street to where they did the killing of beef--where

  • every hour they turned four or five hundred cattle into meat.

  • Unlike the place they had left, all this work was done on one floor; and instead of

  • there being one line of carcasses which moved to the workmen, there were fifteen or

  • twenty lines, and the men moved from one to another of these.

  • This made a scene of intense activity, a picture of human power wonderful to watch.

  • It was all in one great room, like a circus amphitheater, with a gallery for visitors

  • running over the center.

  • Along one side of the room ran a narrow gallery, a few feet from the floor; into

  • which gallery the cattle were driven by men with goads which gave them electric shocks.

  • Once crowded in here, the creatures were prisoned, each in a separate pen, by gates

  • that shut, leaving them no room to turn around; and while they stood bellowing and

  • plunging, over the top of the pen there

  • leaned one of the "knockers," armed with a sledge hammer, and watching for a chance to

  • deal a blow.

  • The room echoed with the thuds in quick succession, and the stamping and kicking of

  • the steers.

  • The instant the animal had fallen, the "knocker" passed on to another; while a

  • second man raised a lever, and the side of the pen was raised, and the animal, still

  • kicking and struggling, slid out to the "killing bed."

  • Here a man put shackles about one leg, and pressed another lever, and the body was

  • jerked up into the air.

  • There were fifteen or twenty such pens, and it was a matter of only a couple of minutes

  • to knock fifteen or twenty cattle and roll them out.

  • Then once more the gates were opened, and another lot rushed in; and so out of each

  • pen there rolled a steady stream of carcasses, which the men upon the killing

  • beds had to get out of the way.

  • The manner in which they did this was something to be seen and never forgotten.

  • They worked with furious intensity, literally upon the run--at a pace with

  • which there is nothing to be compared except a football game.

  • It was all highly specialized labor, each man having his task to do; generally this

  • would consist of only two or three specific cuts, and he would pass down the line of

  • fifteen or twenty carcasses, making these cuts upon each.

  • First there came the "butcher," to bleed them; this meant one swift stroke, so swift

  • that you could not see it--only the flash of the knife; and before you could realize

  • it, the man had darted on to the next line,

  • and a stream of bright red was pouring out upon the floor.

  • This floor was half an inch deep with blood, in spite of the best efforts of men

  • who kept shoveling it through holes; it must have made the floor slippery, but no

  • one could have guessed this by watching the men at work.

  • The carcass hung for a few minutes to bleed; there was no time lost, however, for

  • there were several hanging in each line, and one was always ready.

  • It was let down to the ground, and there came the "headsman," whose task it was to

  • sever the head, with two or three swift strokes.

  • Then came the "floorsman," to make the first cut in the skin; and then another to

  • finish ripping the skin down the center; and then half a dozen more in swift

  • succession, to finish the skinning.

  • After they were through, the carcass was again swung up; and while a man with a

  • stick examined the skin, to make sure that it had not been cut, and another rolled it

  • up and tumbled it through one of the

  • inevitable holes in the floor, the beef proceeded on its journey.

  • There were men to cut it, and men to split it, and men to gut it and scrape it clean

  • inside.

  • There were some with hose which threw jets of boiling water upon it, and others who

  • removed the feet and added the final touches.

  • In the end, as with the hogs, the finished beef was run into the chilling room, to

  • hang its appointed time.

  • The visitors were taken there and shown them, all neatly hung in rows, labeled

  • conspicuously with the tags of the government inspectors--and some, which had

  • been killed by a special process, marked

  • with the sign of the kosher rabbi, certifying that it was fit for sale to the

  • orthodox.

  • And then the visitors were taken to the other parts of the building, to see what

  • became of each particle of the waste material that had vanished through the

  • floor; and to the pickling rooms, and the

  • salting rooms, the canning rooms, and the packing rooms, where choice meat was

  • prepared for shipping in refrigerator cars, destined to be eaten in all the four

  • corners of civilization.

  • Afterward they went outside, wandering about among the mazes of buildings in which

  • was done the work auxiliary to this great industry.

  • There was scarcely a thing needed in the business that Durham and Company did not

  • make for themselves. There was a great steam power plant and an

  • electricity plant.

  • There was a barrel factory, and a boiler- repair shop.

  • There was a building to which the grease was piped, and made into soap and lard; and

  • then there was a factory for making lard cans, and another for making soap boxes.

  • There was a building in which the bristles were cleaned and dried, for the making of

  • hair cushions and such things; there was a building where the skins were dried and

  • tanned, there was another where heads and

  • feet were made into glue, and another where bones were made into fertilizer.

  • No tiniest particle of organic matter was wasted in Durham's.

  • Out of the horns of the cattle they made combs, buttons, hairpins, and imitation

  • ivory; out of the shinbones and other big bones they cut knife and toothbrush

  • handles, and mouthpieces for pipes; out of

  • the hoofs they cut hairpins and buttons, before they made the rest into glue.

  • From such things as feet, knuckles, hide clippings, and sinews came such strange and

  • unlikely products as gelatin, isinglass, and phosphorus, bone black, shoe blacking,

  • and bone oil.

  • They had curled-hair works for the cattle tails, and a "wool pullery" for the

  • sheepskins; they made pepsin from the stomachs of the pigs, and albumen from the

  • blood, and violin strings from the ill- smelling entrails.

  • When there was nothing else to be done with a thing, they first put it into a tank and

  • got out of it all the tallow and grease, and then they made it into fertilizer.

  • All these industries were gathered into buildings near by, connected by galleries

  • and railroads with the main establishment; and it was estimated that they had handled

  • nearly a quarter of a billion of animals

  • since the founding of the plant by the elder Durham a generation and more ago.

  • If you counted with it the other big plants--and they were now really all one--

  • it was, so Jokubas informed them, the greatest aggregation of labor and capital

  • ever gathered in one place.

  • It employed thirty thousand men; it supported directly two hundred and fifty

  • thousand people in its neighborhood, and indirectly it supported half a million.

  • It sent its products to every country in the civilized world, and it furnished the

  • food for no less than thirty million people!

  • To all of these things our friends would listen open-mouthed--it seemed to them

  • impossible of belief that anything so stupendous could have been devised by

  • mortal man.

  • That was why to Jurgis it seemed almost profanity to speak about the place as did

  • Jokubas, skeptically; it was a thing as tremendous as the universe--the laws and

  • ways of its working no more than the universe to be questioned or understood.

  • All that a mere man could do, it seemed to Jurgis, was to take a thing like this as he

  • found it, and do as he was told; to be given a place in it and a share in its

  • wonderful activities was a blessing to be

  • grateful for, as one was grateful for the sunshine and the rain.

  • Jurgis was even glad that he had not seen the place before meeting with his triumph,

  • for he felt that the size of it would have overwhelmed him.

  • But now he had been admitted--he was a part of it all!

  • He had the feeling that this whole huge establishment had taken him under its

  • protection, and had become responsible for his welfare.

  • So guileless was he, and ignorant of the nature of business, that he did not even

  • realize that he had become an employee of Brown's, and that Brown and Durham were

  • supposed by all the world to be deadly

  • rivals--were even required to be deadly rivals by the law of the land, and ordered

  • to try to ruin each other under penalty of fine and imprisonment!

  • >

CHAPTER 1

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第1部 - アプトン・シンクレアによるジャングルのオーディオブック(Chs 01-03 (Part 1 - The Jungle Audiobook by Upton Sinclair (Chs 01-03))

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    羅致 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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