who is from the University of Waikato.

She is Ian Witten's student there.

She is working under a Google scholarship to study ebook

user interfaces, and she's going to present some work

that she just presented at the joint

conference on digital libraries.

Veronica?

VERONICA LIESAPUTRA: First of all, I want to say thank you

for giving me the opportunity to talk about my PhD project,

which focuses on simulating electronic documents using the

book metaphor.

For today's talk, I'm going to explain about how to turn the

pages of an electronic book.

The outline of my talk will be first, I'm going to explain

about the book metaphor, the evolution of the book, users

reading behavior, and techniques

to model page turning.

Then I will show you my book part of example that uses one

of these page turning mechanisms, and I will

summarize my talk.

So it will be a very short talk.

There are actually lots of debates on the

use of the book metaphor.

Some people believe that it is useful using the book

metaphor, because people are already familiar and have

experience with it.

But others believe that it's actually useless using the

book metaphor.

It actually limits the potential of

an electronic book.

It may even lead to awkward design.

They believe it actually doesn't matter how the new

representation looks like.

Once users are familiar with it, they will no longer rely

on the book metaphor.

And so they're saying, don't judge a book by its cover,

judge it by its content.

And those experts believe that only the text is important.

The physical properties of the document don't matter at all.

However this is not how humans are trained.

Our human brains are already trained unconsciously to use

the physical properties of the documents to tell us about the

document's age, usage and quality.

Using the right text format is important, because it

essentially tells how the knowledge is organized and

presented, which in turn affects how you serve reading

comprehensions and reading experience.

Through the 4,000 years of its history, the document format

has gone through a series of changes.

The main motivation for this change is to find a format

that is economical, portable and user friendly.

Surprisingly, we can also find the same evolution in the

development of the electronic document formats.

So the three main document formats are scrolls,

concertinas and the codices.

In the scroll format, a document is represented in a

long file, pages.

And the user needs to use--

so if it's electronic, then you have web pages.

The users have to use the scroll bars to basically roll

and unroll documents to search for a passage.

Another example of the scroll format is the

teletype roll paper.

The second format is the concertinas.

This is the intermediate format

between scrolls and codices.

It was preferred over scrolls, because when it is folded, it

resembles a book.

You can randomly access any page.

An unfolded concertina is essentially a scroll,

providing a backward compatibility.

An example of this format are the [UNINTELLIGIBLE] printing

papers at every Acrobat Readers and Microsoft Word

print preview, where users can either use the scroll bars or

the page up and down buttons to go to the next page.

A user study shows that for their short documents, users

prefer scrolls over the concertina format, because

they are already used to using scrolls longer than

concertinas.

However, for long documents, users actually do not prefer

to use scrolls, because they can easily get lost in the

flow of information.

Just moving the scroll bar slightly can change the screen

content completely.

That's why they always use page up and down buttons.

Where the concertina, although it helps the user gain better

understanding of the document's logical structures,

they still find it hard to know where they are on the

document and the length of the document itself.

So that brings me to the last document format, which is the

codex format.

This is the standard document format.

It was preferred over the concertinas, because it uses

less material, which means that it's cheaper, it's easier

to read and store, and it's portable.

And recently, many researchers tried to simulate electronic

document using the book metaphor.

They found that the user gained a better understanding

about the document's logical structures, and also the user

already understood the book metaphor, so they knew exactly

what to do, without saying, you need to turn the page or

something like that.

Adding functionality such as annotation, highlighting can

increase readers' engagements and fulfillment.

So I guess everyone has already seen this video.

So I'm just going to skip it.

Yes, or do you want to watch it?

OK, sure.

[VIDEO PLAYBACK]

[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]

VERONICA LIESAPUTRA: As you can see, the page turning is

the important application in a book.

A user study done by Katherine Marshall actually shows that

page turning is actually a combination of a complex

[UNINTELLIGIBLE]

applications, as I will show you in this series of

photographs.

Here we have a girl reading her favorite magazine.

And as you can see, she's already anticipating herself

to turn the page, while she's still reading the first page.

And then she partially turned the page.

And she said that it's because she wanted to look ahead, the

content of the next two pages.

She wanted to get more context of what's

happening with the articles.

Once she fully turned the page, she made the magazine

into a double page display.

Again she said that she wanted to get an overview of how long

it is the article going to go for and about the context that

she's going to read.

And when she's satisfied with that, she folds the magazine

into a one page spread, and then focuses herself reading

on the left page.

So while reading, users are always anticipating themselves

to turn the page.

The same behavior also can be seen when they're reading an

electronic document or using an electronic book reader.

They always place their mouse or their scroll bars near the

navigational buttons or the scrollers.

Although clicking a navigational button is

effective, users actually briefly lose contact with the

text, which means that they cannot subtly look ahead at

the content of what is the next page while they're still

reading the first page.

They always just have to go to the next page.

There's no middle bit.

This is why simulating a realistic

page turning is important.

When we want to simulate a realistic page turning, we

always have a trade-off between the

accuracy and the speed.

If you want our page turning to look as realistic as

possible, then it will be complex to compute, which

means that it slow to render.

There are two types of simulation.

Geometric simulations and physical simulations.

In the geometric simulation, the appearance of the page is

defined by a set of mathematical equations, which

means that it is simple and fast to compute, but it may

not be accurate and it's also restrictive.

The second simulation is the physical stimulation.

In this simulation, the appearance of the paper is

defined by the material properties of the paper and

the forces that we apply to the paper, which means that

the simulation is accurate and flexible, but it is complex

and slow to compute.

When we want to create realistic page turning, we

want to find a model that not only looks sufficiently

realistic, but it has also to be scalable to handle large

page counts and computable in real time.

AUDIENCE: What does accurate mean here?

VERONICA LIESAPUTRA: It means it looks realistic, looks like

a real page.

For this step, I'm going to explain about three page

turning techniques that I have investigated and implemented

during six months of my PhD project.

The peeling method, particle method, and the

finite element method.

But before I start explaining about the page turning models

that I implemented, I'll explain about the British

Library Turning the Pages project, because this is the

project that inspired me to actually find my own page

turning techniques.

So in the British Library Turning the Pages project,

readers sit on a touch screen display, a big

touch screen display.

And they can basically, metaphorically grab the corner

of the page and swipe their finger across the display to

turn the page.

And as you can see, that the [UNINTELLIGIBLE] is not three

dimensional and the binding moves in sympathy to where

they are when they turn it.

And I will show you a video of their promotional reel.

[VIDEO PLAYBACK]

-For many years, people have been asking to see more pages

than we can display in the exhibition galleries.

More access to those important books.

The British Library is committed to a digitization

program that will make our collections available to the

widest possible audience.

What Windows Vista allows us to do is deliver some of those

programs in very creative ways.

We're going to make the Turning the Pages tour kit

available to libraries throughout the world.

And they can quite simply put their collections on line.

Turning the Pages seems to appeal to everyone, and we've

had positive feedback from people from all over the

world, saying that this is exactly what the Internet

should be used for.

[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]

VERONICA LIESAPUTRA: So as you can see that Microsoft is

actually supporting this project at the moment.

And the way this simulation works is actually by taking

photographs at each intermediate page turn point.

So for example, if you have the book and you want to turn

this page, then they take a photograph on this,

this, this and this.

And essentially, what is shown to the user is not the

computer model of the book, but it's just a series of

images, which means that the turning part is predefined.

So the cost of creating your book into this Turning the

Pages book, if you have a thick book, then it's $200 US.

If it's a thin book, it's $2,000 US.

And you might think that that sounds reasonable, a thick

book, $200, but it's actually per page.

So Microsoft is willing to pay about $10,000

for a 500 page book.

So for my presentation, which is 32 pages, then it will cost

me $64,000.

And I don't have much money like Microsoft.

So I decided to create my own page turning models.

The first method is the peeling method.

This is the example of the geometric simulation method.

In this peeling method, the paper is

divided into three sections.

The visible part of the page being termed the green bit,

the crisp polygon, and the refill area underneath the

page being turned.

Because we ignore the translation in exact

directions, meaning that the crease polygon is the exact

reflection of the refill polygon, and it can be

computed by drawing a line that is from any clear

bisector to the line CP.

Because in this method we actually computed the model of

the book, that means that the turning part is not

predefined, which means that I can actually turn the corner

to the place like whatever.

It's not just one way, like in the British Library Turning

the Pages project.

However, because this is a geometric simulation model,

that means that for each different type of paper, I

have to create a new set of mathematical equations.

So for flexible paper, we can use peeling--