Name: ヒドロキシクロロキンとCOVID-19。今、私たちが知っていること｜SciShow News (Hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19: What We Know Right Now | SciShow News)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:46:22.000Z
Duration: 11 min 23 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：新型コロナウイルス,新型肺炎,COVID-19

基礎受動態

This episode was filmed on April 7th, 2020.

If we have more recent episodes on COVID-19 or hydroxychloroquine, we'll include them

Allright, Everyone is talking about antimalarials

and how they're a promising treatment for COVID-19—let's make the case…

if only the scientists would get out of the way.

are reflexively saying that they definitely don't work.

and when initial anecdotes look promising…

They've been prescribed for malaria and autoimmune conditions for decades

but if you take a closer look at the chemistry involved,

you can start to understand how they can do so much.

But that doesn't mean we know they work for COVID-19.

There are good reasons to think they might,

but like with many things surrounding this illness,

The two medications making international headlines

That “quine” in their names comes from the fact

that their chemical structure is similar to quinine—

it's probably because humans have been using it to treat malaria for centuries.

But quinine shortages during WWII prompted German and US chemists

which was first synthesized in the 1930s.

And since that has some pretty unpleasant side effects,

the less-toxic hydroxychloroquine was introduced in the 1950s.

Now, the parasites that cause malaria are very different from the virus that causes

Like as different as diseases can get from each other.

to the autoimmune conditions like lupus that these drugs are regularly prescribed for.

But, once you understand what these antimalarials actually do to cells

— including their ability to fend off parasites and treat autoimmunity —

their ability to fight a viral infection actually makes a lot more sense.

because these drugs were developed as antimalarials.

Despite the long history, it's not 100 percent clear exactly how

these drugs treat malaria, though we know the big picture:

The first reason they can do that is because of their chemical structure,

these compounds can get all up in fatty molecules called lipids.

And the membranes that surround cells and their inner compartments

are made out of lipids, so chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine

can go almost wherever they want in your body,

You know what else likes hanging out in red blood cells?

and, It just so happens that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine

In other words, they like to snatch up protons when they can.

Like, the hydrogen ions that make solutions acidic.

and, once they do this, they lose their ability to pass freely across membranes.

They're no longer all lipid soluble like they used to be.

All that means that these drugs can get into acidic places,

So they accumulate in the parts of cells that are acidic,

since those areas have more protons up for grabs,

And experts think this is ultimately how they kill malaria parasites.

A bunch of the drug ends up trapped in a stomach-like compartment

within the parasite and interferes with the parasite's ability

And boom! — you got yourself a dead parasite.

But Killing malaria parasites is not all these drugs are good for, though.

Since (they) chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine get into cells in general

—not just the ones infected by parasites—

they can have a lot of other effects in the body, including ones to the immune system.

That's why they work well in a variety of autoimmune conditions.

These conditions manifest in tons of different ways,

but all of them are caused by the immune system going haywire

we don't fully understand how these drugs help,

we do know that they can help calm the immune overreaction.

A big part of that probably comes from their effects

on compartments inside your cells called lysosomes.

A lysosome's big job is to gobble up and destroy rogue proteins

and other compounds that might be harmful to the cell.

And because they have all those bits of rogue protein,

they're able to help some of our immune cells tell other immune system cells what

Basically, the smaller chunks of material they break down become antigens:

compounds that tell the immune system's soldiers what to go attack.

It's thought that, when a person has an autoimmune condition,

the lysosomes inside certain immune cells produce antigens

that tell the immune system's soldiers to attack the wrong thing, the body's own cells.

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ヒドロキシクロロキンとCOVID-19。今、私たちが知っていること｜SciShow News (Hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19: What We Know Right Now | SciShow News)

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