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  • Perhaps the greatest ability possessed by humans is to innovate and create, in order

  • to overcome obstacles and change the world around us.

  • Like the formation of language (1) for example, which is still one of science's greatest

  • mysteries with no consensus on its beginnings, but undoubtedly changed the world of early

  • hominin species that have existed for nearly 2.5 million years. Or the ability to control

  • fire (2), with evidence of cooked food as far back as 1.5 million years ago. Around

  • 200,000 years ago modern humans evolved, but it wasn't until roughly 190,000 years later

  • that we changed from hunter-gatherer societies and created agriculture (3) (10,000 BCE).

  • Gathering seeds, planting and tending to them has shaped our modern civilization. Shortly

  • after, the plough (4) was created, transforming agriculture.

  • By 5000 BCE we got even more curious about our globe and created the sailboat (5), opening

  • up the world of exploration. In 3500 BCE the first glass (6) is created, and 100 years

  • later comes the nail (7) (3400 BCE), found in Ancient Egypt, helping us create better

  • structures, which helps extend human life. A few centuries later, cement (8) is created

  • (1000 BCE) - the foundation of our civilization, literally!

  • Looking to further enhance transportation, the wheel (9) is invented in 3000 BCE, followed

  • by soap (10) (2800 BCE), and then the original computer, or abacus (11) (2700 BCE), which

  • helps augment human capabilities and shape our economy. And even though paper (12) won't

  • be created until 200 BCE, and the printing press (13) until 1430 CE, the first libraries

  • (14) appear in 2600 BCE, with records recorded onto stone tablets, making knowledge more

  • accessible to all. By 1500 BCE the alphabet (15) becomes prevalent in some societies,

  • as opposed to ideographic letters, further shaping the transfer of knowledge and 700

  • years later, our modern number system (16) from 0-9 comes together, paving the way for

  • mathematics.

  • The first democracy (17) began in Greece in 508 BCE, where all members have equal share

  • to power, and perhaps our favourite innovation, the Scientific Method (18) has origins in

  • the time of Aristotle 384 BCE - a process to acquire information and investigate new

  • phenomena. We may be a bit biased ;) - and of course it has been further refined over

  • time.

  • The Chinese invent the first compass (19) in 300 BCE, allowing mariners to navigate

  • great distances, at the same time the Archimedes screw (20) is designed, which helps transfer

  • water from low to high elevations, shaping irrigation and farming. All of this before

  • the Common Era (C.E.)

  • Speaking of time, the first mechanical clock (21) comes in 725 CE, but it won't be until

  • 1582 that the Gregorian calendar (22) is created, which synced people all over the world. Eyeglasses

  • (23) come in the 13th century, which may seem minimal, but dramatically raised the collective

  • human IQ. It was also a precursor to the telescope (24) (1608) and microscope (25) (1 620). Just

  • prior to the telescope, in 1542, the idea that Earth is not the centre of the universe

  • was groundbreaking, but the Copernican system (26) put the Sun at the centre of the solar

  • system - however this wouldn't be accepted for hundreds of years.

  • The late 1600s brought the steam engine (27), powering not only trains and boats, but factories,

  • shaping the industrial revolution, which would later be replaced by the internal combustion

  • engine (28) (1850). Around this same time binary numbers (29) (1697) and boolean logic

  • (30) (1854), which are at the heart of digital computing, are created, and Newton's Laws

  • of Motion and Universal Gravitation (1687) (31) help shape ideas of physics; though Einstein's

  • theory of special (1905) (32) and general (1915) relativity (33), as well as quantum

  • theory (34) (1927) would further build upon these ideas.

  • Vaccines (35) come in 1796, which in the last 20 years alone have prevented 21 million hospitalizations

  • and 732,000 deaths. Water purification (36) (1804) and food preservation (37) (1810) have

  • also saved millions of lives, while the camera (38) (1816) has allowed us to capture our

  • past, and communicate the events of our present. The next few hundred years would see big advances

  • in communication with the wireless telegraph (39) (1837), the telephone (40) (1876), radio

  • waves (41) (1888) and radio (42) (1906), and television (43) (20th century) all transforming

  • our world and making it feel a little smaller.

  • The world of medicine changed drastically in 1846 with the advent of anesthesia (44)

  • and antiseptic (45)(1867), allowing for major surgeries that would previously be too painful,

  • saving countless lives. The sanitation system (46) (1880) also improved the incidence of

  • many diseases, and refrigeration (47) (1876) would later change how people eat around the

  • world. The invention of the light bulb (48) (1879) falls shortly after, though observations

  • of static electricity were made in 600 BCE and the invention of a simple capacitor (49)

  • in 1745 as well as many other discoveries that paved the way for using electricity.

  • Transportation took another major step in 1885 with the modern car (50), and later the

  • airplane (51) (1903). Semiconductors (52) would help regulate the flow of electricity

  • (1911) and eventually transistors (53) (1947) without which modern electronic devices could

  • not function.

  • Many more scientific discoveries would follow, starting with the electron (54) (1897) which

  • would help Niels Bohr (55) (1913) create his model of the atom - although the atom was

  • actually first theorized 2300 years earlier (400 BCE)! Nitrogen fixation (56) (1918) and

  • plant breeding (57) (9000 BCE) help sustain our population and are credited with saving

  • 1 billion lives, along with antibiotics (58) such as penicillin, an accidental discovery

  • which fights bacterial infections. Birth control (59) has also reduced the number of children

  • women have, allowing for higher quality of life. Polyethylene (60) and other plastics

  • are all around us, affecting so many products we make.

  • The discovery of DNA (61) in the 1950s unleashed so much of what we now know about humanity

  • through heredity and genetics. It would also lead to genetic engineering (62) (1973) and

  • genome sequencing (63) (1977) in the 70s. And in the last 80 years, communication has

  • taken leaps and bounds forward, starting with satellite communications (64) in the 40's

  • for TV, weather forecasting and defense, to the beginnings of the internet (65) in the

  • 60's and the personal computer (66) and GPS (67) in the 70s. Not to mention the device

  • that is likely in your hands or your pocket right now - the smartphone (68), which was

  • first invented by IBM in 1994.

  • And as technology continues forward here on Earth, space exploration continues to intrigue

  • us, with the first successful orbital launch (69) in 1957, the first moon landing (70)

  • in 1969, and the Hubble telescope (71) in the 90's, which is both a spacecraft and

  • a telescope that orbits earth every 97 minutes.

  • But as we look to the universe and the future,

  • what comes next? While sometimes it may seem like the world is getting darker, these innovations

  • show that people live longer, healthier, and happier lives. Science will only continue

  • to innovate and help solve some of the world's biggest challenges. One of the best ways to

  • make sure we keep innovating is to support leaders that recognize the importance of public

  • research programs from everything to global health or agriculture or information technology

  • or energy.

Perhaps the greatest ability possessed by humans is to innovate and create, in order

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史上最も驚くべき71のイノベーション (The 71 Most AMAZING Innovations of All Time)

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    林宜悉 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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