about exceptions to the octet rule,

which we've talked about in many other videos.

The octet rule is this notion

that atoms tend to react in ways

that they're able to have a full outer shell.

They're able to have eight valence electrons.

Now, we've already talked about some exceptions,

things like hydrogen.

Its outer shell is that first shell

which gets full with two electrons.

So it's trying to get to that duet rule.

But as we'll see, there are other exceptions.

Boron and aluminum, for example,

they can form stable molecules where the boron

or the aluminum only have six valence electrons, not eight.

And there are exceptions in the other direction.

As you get to the third period and beyond,

we'll actually see atoms that can maintain more

than eight valence electrons.

And we're actually going to see an example

of that with xenon.

So let's just go into a few examples.

Given what I've told you,

see if you can come up with the Lewis diagram

for aluminum hydride.

So aluminum hydride has one aluminum

and three hydrogens.

See if you can draw the Lewis diagram for that.

All right, now let's do this together.

So the first thing you wanna do is account

for all of the valence electrons.

Aluminum's outer shell is the third shell,

so the third period here,

and it has one, two, three valence electrons.

And then we have three hydrogens,

and each hydrogen has one valence electron.

And so you add all of this up together,

three plus three is equal to six valence electrons

in aluminum hydride.

Now, the next step after that is

to try to draw the structure with some covalent bonds.

We don't wanna make hydrogen our central atom.

That would be very atypical.

And so let's put aluminum in the center.

And then we're gonna have three hydrogens.

So one, two, and three.

And then let's put some covalent bonds in here.

And so let's see, how many valence electrons

have we now accounted for?

This is two in this covalent bond.

Another two gets us to four.

Another two gets us to six.

So we have just accounted for all six valence electrons.

So we have no more valence electrons to play with.

Let's think about how the various atoms are doing.

So the hydrogens are all meeting their duet rule.

These two electrons in this bond are hanging around hydrogen

and around the aluminum.

But from hydrogen's point of view, it has a full duet,

that hydrogen as well and that hydrogen as well.

But notice the aluminum over here,

it has two, four, six electrons,

valence electrons around it, and so it's not a full octet.

But aluminum hydride is actually something

that has been observed.

Let's think about another example.

Let's think about xenon pentafluoride.

Xenon pentafluoride cations,

a positively charged ion here.

Pause this video and see

if you can draw the Lewis diagram for this.

All right, now let's do this together.

If any of this seems unfamiliar,

I encourage you to watch the video

on introduction to drawing Lewis diagrams.

But what we'd wanna do is first think

about our valence electrons.

So xenon right over here, it's actually a noble gas.

It already has a full octet in its outer shell,

so it has eight valence electrons.

So xenon has eight valence electrons.

And then fluorine, we've seen this multiple times,

has one, two, three, four, five, six,

seven valence electrons, but there's five of them.

So five times seven.

I'm gonna be drawing a lot of electrons in this.

So this gives us a total of eight plus 35,

which is 43 valence electrons.

But we have to be careful.

This is a cation.

It is a positively charged molecule.

It has a positive one charge.

So we have to take one electron away because of that.

So let's take away one valence electron to get that cation.

And so we are left with 42.

42 valence electrons.

So the next step is to try to draw its structure

with some basic single covalent bonds.

And xenon would be our preferred central atom

because fluorine is more electronegative.

It's actually the most electronegative element.

So let's put xenon in the middle,

and then let's put some fluorines around it,

five of them to be specific.

So one, two,

three, four.

I'm having trouble writing an F.

Four and then five fluorines.

And now let me make five covalent bonds.

One, two, three, four, five.

So just like that, I have accounted for 10 valence electrons

because you have two valence electrons

in each of these covalent bonds,

two, four, six, eight, 10.

So let me subtract 10 valence electrons.

And then we are left with 32 valence electrons.

Now, the next step is to try to allocate some more

of these valence electrons to the terminal atom

so that they get to a full octet.

So let me do that to the fluorines.

Each of these fluorines already are participating

in a covalent bond, so they already have

two valence electrons hanging out with them,

so let's give 'em each six more.

So let's give that fluorine six,

and that fluorine gets six,

and that fluorine gets six valence electrons,

and that fluorine gets six valence electrons,

and then last but not least,

this fluorine gets six valence electrons.

So I have just given away six valence electrons

to each of five fluorine atoms.

So that is 30 valence electrons that I have just allocated.

And then what does that leave me with?

That leaves me with two valence electrons

that have gone unallocated.

And the only place to now put them is on the xenon.

And as I said, things that are lower down

in that periodic table of elements,

especially as we get below the third period,

these can defy the octet rule.

Xenon already has 10 valence electrons,

and I'm about to allocate it two more to it just like that.

So you allocate those two more.

And then we have allocated all of our valence electrons.

And I wanna make sure I remind myself and everyone

that this is a cation.

So I have to put that plus charge just like this,

but this is something that has been observed

where you can actually have a central atom like this

that goes beyond an octet number of valence electrons.

In this case, it has two, four, six,

eight, 10, 12 valence electrons.

Now, an interesting question is how do these atoms

that are in the third period or beyond handle more

than eight valence electrons?

And it is a matter of debate,

but some chemists believe that it's possible

because they're able to place their electrons

in their empty valence d-orbitals.

But once again, this is controversial

in the chemistry community.