Name: 私たちがまだ知らない地球の6つのこと (6 Things We Still Don't Know About Earth)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:30:29.000Z
Duration: 12 min 14 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

Earth is our home, and we like to think of it as pretty well understood, but really were still learning a lot about it, from plate tectonics and continents to the time the Mediterranean Sea disappeared.

Here are six Mysteries about our planet were still trying to Seoul.

First, there's the question of how and when plate tectonics started.

The earth's crust and very tiptop of the mantle are divided into floating tectonic plates, which are constantly moving, pushing against in slipping under each other.

And from this process, we get phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes and moving continent.

Understanding plate tectonics is fundamental to understanding Earth.

In fact, you could even say it's the bedrock of geology.

But even after more than 50 years, nobody can pin down how and when this whole deal started.

Part of the reason is because there's very little physical evidence left from the early Earth, and what is left is kind of up for interpretation.

So two scientists looking at the same sample might come to to completely different conclusions.

One way we've investigated this, though, is by using mineral samples like Sofia Lights to try to nail down a start date for this cycle.

These are fragments of ocean crust preserved in continental crust, and they could only have formed if plates were already colliding or sliding across each other.

So if we find them in rocks of a certain age, it could be evidence.

Plate tectonics had started by then, some of the oldest populates we found our 3.8 1,000,000,000 years old, which would suggest that plate tectonics was active in some form early on.

But other suggested dates range from almost immediately in the Earth's life cycle over four billion years ago, toa less than one billion years ago.

Meanwhile, scientists are also looking into this by creating and testing computer models.

2015 study, for instance, used models to investigate mantle plumes immense up wellings of magma from deep within the earth.

And it found that one or more ancient plumes would have had enough force to crack the early Earth's crust and kick start the tectonic cycle, which would have been amazing to watch from a spaceship not on earth.

Figuring out this conundrum is important because it wouldn't just help us understand life on our planet, but in the universe to because plate tectonics hasn't just shaped how our planet looks.

It's also done things like keep the atmosphere stable by adding and removing carbon dioxide that helps keep our planet from tipping into either freezing or boiling.

And because of this, some scientists think that these plates might be necessary for life to develop and thrive on other planets as well.

No matter how things kicked off, plate tectonics started slowly rearranging the face of the earth, and that leads us to our second mystery.

Some 250 to 350 million years ago, the continents got squished together into one giant land mass called Panja.

It was what scientists called a supercontinent, but it wasn't the Earth's first, and it won't be the last and like plate tectonics.

More generally, this repeat supercontinent cycle has had a profound effect on our planet's crust atmosphere, oceans and life.

The break up of Pin JIA might have triggered a global change in climate, for example, as fresh tectonic riffs released CO two into the atmosphere.

But explaining why this cycle exists, and what drives it is trickier again.

A lot of the physical evidence is up for interpretation, and also it's possible that no two super continents formed for exactly the same reason.

One of these possible forces scientists are looking at to explain.

Supercontinent formation is called extra version, and it's nothing like the personality treat, innit?

You start with a supercontinent, then a new ocean forms in the middle and pushes the other plates away.

Eventually, the ocean grows so much that the plates circle around the globe and end up shoved into one area.

But as a 2008 paper pointed out, while extra version alone might explain some super continents, it struggles to explain every episode of supercontinent formation, including Pin JIA, instead that might have been caused by extra versions opposite introversion.

In that case, the cycle starts the same with a new ocean opening up.

But then the process stops and reverses, drawing the other plates back together again like a giant drain.

One test that scientists can use to try to figure out what drove certain episodes is by testing the age of marine deposits from tectonic plate collisions owns.

This can tell you whether they came from old oceanic crust or young oceanic crust, which would be characteristic of extra version and introversion, respectively.

Another thing that might be the result of plate tectonics is the machine Ian solidity crisis.

About six million years ago, the Mediterranean got cut off from the ocean as something closed the Strait of Gibraltar.

The Mediterranean naturally loses more water to evaporation than it gets from rivers.

So without new water from the street, it began to dry up.

And while exactly how much it dried up is controversial, we know what left kilometer thick salt deposits behind and had major local effects on climate and fauna.

Just looking at the rock itself is tricky, because it's hard to pinpoint the age of the layers.

There aren't many fossils, for example, which normally serve a sign posts.

So we've had to turn to other methods, like looking at volcanic rocks.

In 2003 scientists comparing rocks in the area from different time periods noticed a shift in the ratio of elements found in rocks, which they think indicates a change in the mantle.

They propose that around the time of the crisis, a tectonic plates shifted, allowing hot mantle material to push up lifting the land around the Strait of Gibraltar out of the sea and closing off the gateway.

Eventually, though, the crisis passed and the Mediterranean started filling up again, although exactly how that happened is another head scratcher.

And of course, this whole idea is just a hypothesis.

Volcanoes regularly bring magma to the surface, reshaping and creating new land.

Most of the time, this is only important in small areas or for short periods of time.

Like sometimes, a powerful eruption might destroy an island or temporarily affect the world climate.

But more massive eruptions, known as flood assaults, can occur.

They can cover more than a 1,000,000 square kilometres, with magma thousands of meters thick, and some of them, like the Siberian and Deccan traps, have been implicated in mass extinctions.

So naturally we want to know why they happened.

One conventionally cited cause might be mantle plumes, those giant up wellings of material from near the earth's core, another might be delamination were part of the litmus fear that's the crust and upper mantle falls away from the tectonic plate it was attached to, but we don't have definite answers about how or why these things might happen after all their events that happened deep within the Earth millions of years ago.

But there are ways scientists can try to decipher why flood assaults occurred.

In 2006 for instance, a paper studied the age and makeup of Zito Lifts, which are rocks stuck inside other igneous rocks.

They were looking at Xena lifts that would have formed in the mantle just underneath the crust, and they were looking in a layer of rock that would have been deposited soon after a flood basalt event.

What they were working off of is that if delamination was actually the cause of the flood, the loss of that chunk of litmus fear should also mean the loss of those e analysts sitting just inside or below it.

So the scientists could look at the age of any Zaenal if they do find, and if there was delamination, there should be no mantle.

Looking at these rocks, it does appear that delamination happened at some point under China, for instance, but not for other events like ones in South Africa.

So the science continues the Earth's axis of rotation naturally drifts and wobbles over time.

In the 20th century, for instance, it seems to have moved about 10 centimeters per year, in part because of a rebound effect.

We can map this polar wander via satellite and understanding it is important for climate modelling.

But the Earth's wobble might not always happen at such a steady and stately pace.

In fact, there's evidence there have been major shifts around 174 to 157 million years ago, for example, East Asia went through a drastic change from wet seasonal, two extremely arid, and this was devastating for animals living there.

There have been some explanations for this before, but in 2019 a paper suggested this shift was due to polar wander.

If that's the case, it would mean the Earth essentially twisted, sending the area that's now China 2800 kilometers south.

Like today's minor wobbles, thes major twists would be tied to some kind of redistribution of Earth's mass from things like impacts or glaciers.

The excess mask it's flung, so to speak, toward the equator, along with the earth's crust and Mantle.

It's just what physics says will happen to a spinning sphere if it becomes unbalanced.

That said, it's really hard to pin down exactly where and when these shifts happen.

When magma cools, it takes on different magnetic signatures based on where it is in the Earth's magnetic field.

So if we see a series of rocks undergoing a quick, drastic change in their signatures, it might be assigned the area they were in moved very quickly.

That said, the rocks can be an imperfecta record.

Since later, bumps and squeezes can change that signature, which means again it's hard to say anything definitive.

Alternatively, for more recent episodes, it's been suggested that we can use volcanic hot spots like the one underneath Hawaii.

Because the crust is only floating on top of the mantle, it's technically possible that the crust shifted while the mantle stayed about the same.

And because those hot spots air features in the mantle rather than the crust, we can use them to track how the crust has moved.

Finally, one of the very well established facts and geology is that the Earth's core is a very hot.

But the question is how hot those specifics would help illuminate Aton about how the Earth works, like how the magnetic field is generated, how the planet formed and even how we could predict earthquakes.

Figuring out that temperature is tricky, though, because we can't just drill down there with thermometers, so we have to get creative.

One thing scientists are doing is studying how Iron Axe under high pressures and temperatures in diamond anvil cell experiments.

In these experiments, scientists measure what happens when small amounts of a sample or heated and squished between two diamond tipped pushers.

The idea is to put iron in one of these anvils than squeeze and heated until it's the same density as the earth's core, a density we already know, thanks to other measurements.

When you reach that rate density, you can check with the irons temperature is, and that should give us the temperature of the core.

Using this method, a 2013 experiment revised the estimate for the melting temperature of iron at the inner core boundary from about 4800 degrees Celsius to about 5900 degrees, which is about as hot as the surface of the sun.

It doesn't look like there's been any super huge shakeups in that number since then, so maybe this is a mystery we're putting to rest.

That said, That's the thing about mysteries.

It only takes one new study toe open up the door again.

Earth is our home, but it's a home built by forces and processes, many of which are invisible, long gone or mind bogglingly complex, often all three.