Name: ブラックホールの問題 - 60のシンボル (The Problem with Black Holes - Sixty Symbols)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:30:29.000Z
Duration: 8 min 9 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

関係詞節（制限と非制限）

The singularity, well I mean that's just something that we just don't understand.

It's a singular point and that means the curvature of the spacetime at

infinite and all the mass is collapsed to one point. So it''s a point

literally a point, with this mass in there. So it's got infinite density, you know a density is mass per

unit volume, well if this got no volume, it's an infinite density. These black holes

that are defined, are defined in the sense of using General Relativity and this is this

wonderful theory of Einstein which explains how matter and

curvature of spacetime are intricately linked together. So you really need some

quantum theory of gravity to try to describe that, so I'm sure that our

quantum theory of gravity will resolve the question of what the singularity is at

the centre of a black hole. It's just that we don't know what that is yet. So that solution

as it stands, is there classically but when you include the world of quantum mechanics

where things get, can get smeared out, what isn't clear is whether that singularity

will remain or maybe it will get smeared out. Will this event horizon still be there?

So will that, what we think of as the black hole still be there? It probably will.

-What's that area like between the event horizon and the singularity?

Is it like a, is that a tumultuous place or do you not know you're in that like

almost like the eye of a hurricane?  -If you're heading into the black hole and

if this is a big enough black hole you actually don't even know you cross this

event horizon. In fact the density of the black hole around the event

horizon for really massive black hole is of order water, that of water and so

you'd just sort of pass through. But what begins to happen is you begin

to experience the gravitational attraction. It begins, as you get closer

and closer to the singularity it gets bigger and bigger and so you will

begin to stretch and you will begin to feel the effects of the pull of the

black hole. And on the other hand for  a solar mass black hole,

you know one of order the mass of the Sun

then the pull of gravity on the event horizon is much stronger and you would have

already been spaghettified by the time you cross the event horizon. You won't see

the event horizon, there's no sign post saying you know: 'event horizon no return!'

but you will pass through this, you would

already be gone in terms of living by then. But a supermassive black hole you

actually want even realize. The pull is far less, the density of

the matter is far less significant there, then it would be in the

It's a good question. Ok so if the black hole is a big, there's a big black hole like maybe the one in the

center of the Milky Way, then you know when it crosses the event horizon,

well forget firewalls for a second, but when it crosses the event horizon

generally you'd expect nothing much to happen because actually the

gravitational field's pretty weak out there. As you start to go deeper and deeper

inside this black hole, you might think that indeed does it retain its status

as a particle? I would say probably not because you know you're entering that

regime where even your theory of gravity is breaking down. Well let's think

about how election became an electron, ok? So where does the electron get its mass from?

It gets its mass from the Higgs particle, from the Higgs field actually more

appropriately and for it to get its mass from the Higgs field something has to

happen called spontaneous symmetry breaking, a symmetry has to be broken. Now if you

restore that symmetry and that symmetry does get restored at high energies,

then the electron looses its mass and you know you can't really talk about, eventually the

electron just becomes part of some greater thing. And that's what would

happen I think as you approach the black hole singularity

things would just, symmetries would be restored, you would no longer be able to describe

matter in terms of what we think of the low-energy matter dynamics you would

have to replace that by some high-energy version of it and eventually you'd have to

replace things ultimately by the full quantum theory of gravity and everything

i.e. maybe string theory. So you'd really be talking about strings so you would never even

talk about an electron, you can't talk about electron very very close to singularity

you don't have a singularity really, you probably got some sort of

stringy type structure of which that electron

has now become a part itself, some stringy excitation.

We do not know how to use  gravity and quantum mechanics

in regimes where gravity is incredibly strong and quantum mechanics is playing

a big role. We can use our quantum theory is really well understood in

regimes where gravity is not that strong, gravity is really well understood in

regimes where you don't need to worry about quantum mechanics, but we know both

have to exist. We know we have to be able to understand the world of the macroscopic

and the microscopic and there are regimes where these two clash and the black hole

is a regime where you have the world of the microscopic quantum theory and the

world of high strength gravitational fields coming together and a

manifestation of this problem is this information issue because it's defined

simply in terms of its mass, its angular momentum and its charge. It's got what's

known as no hair, there's nothing coming out to tell you what's bit gone in there.

The world of quantum mechanics on the other hand should also be able to

describe this process. In the world of quantum mechanics there is what's known

as a wave function. It's integral to the world of quantum theory that we can keep

track of this wave function we solve it by the Schrodinger equation. Knowing

about this wave function tells us about the probabilities of everything we

always expect probabilities to add to one. If they don't then it's a bad,

something's wrong with our system. When you lose information it means that this wave

function no longer is deterministic in the sense that you lose that ability to

have probabilities adding up to one. Something's gone wrong with the old

world of quantum mechanics but we believe our world of quantum mechanics

so we have to be able to reconcile this classical picture of the black hole where

the information gets lost, to this quantum mechanical picture where we know

We need to be able to retrieve it and in order to do it you're having to match these two together.

The very existence of black holes and this singularity that you seemed,

it looks like you have at the center of them, tells you that Einstein's theory is

It's the best and effective theory there needs to be replaced by something else

when you start talking about high-energy strong gravitational fields and so on

and so forth. You need something else which is most likely string theory I guess.

It's believed that the centers of galaxies have got these supermassive black

holes right, to billions of solar masses which actually raises an

interesting question: how did they form? How did these have time to,

I think there's might be some cosmic strings involved but no one likes that idea. I'm just hoping

they'll keep finding these supermassive black holes earlier and earlier and

earlier utntil eventually there's just not been enough time for black holes

coalesce and you need another seed, something like a super, like a massive

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ブラックホールの問題 - 60のシンボル (The Problem with Black Holes - Sixty Symbols)

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eventually

massive

majority