Name: マリー・キュリーと不気味な光線科学のクラッシュコースの歴史 #31 (Marie Curie and Spooky Rays: Crash Course History of Science #31)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:30:07.000Z
Duration: 11 min 48 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

The late 1800s and early 1900s saw a revolution in the very basics of what-is-stuff.

This story features killer rays and a family of geniuses: it's the discovery of radioactivity,

the birth of particle physics, and the life and enduring legacy of Marie Skłodowska Curie.

Now, Nobel Prizes—which started being given out in Marie's time—aren't everything.

But she was the first woman to win one, the first person to win two of them, the only

woman and one of only four people to win in two different fields…

And she remains the only person, ever, to win Nobels in multiple natural sciences.

Before we get to Marie, let's review physics

Scientists around the world had worked out the physics of Newton's universe—in which

large, visible stuff collides due to the invisible but lawlike action of gravity—as well as

the strange world of thermodynamics and electromagnetism.

Radio waves can carry signals around the world!

In 1895, German engineer Wilhelm Röntgen

was experimenting with making cathode rays, or rays of electrons.

But he noticed that a piece of cardboard painted with barium platinocyanide fluoresced, or

glowed, when it was placed near the cathode ray tube.

No light meant no glowing… and yet, my dude's cardboard glowed.

He blacked out the machine, turned the lab's lights out…

And saw that the painted board was already glowing in the dark.

No known source of energy could have been producing that spooky light.

So Röntgen threw himself into investigating what he called “spooky rays” after his

I'm kidding, he called them X-rays, after the letter mathematicians use to symbolize unknown variables.

And this phenomenon got spookier when, testing the rays on different materials and arriving

at lead, Röntgen saw a projection of his own skeleton!

So he experimented with creating images of what he was seeing, and at this point made

the now-typical scientist move: he asked his wife for help.

Because the couple that sciences together, stays together!

So Anna Bertha Röntgen let her husband make an image of the bones in her hand using X-rays.

And then Röntgen wrote up his experiments in a paper called, wait for it, “On a New

This paper earned him an honorary medical doctorate, the very first Nobel Prize in Physics,

in 1901, and a place in the hall of fame of radiology—or using radiation to see the

In fact, in his day, X-rays were sometimes called “Röntgen rays.”

In early 1896, at the Academie des sciences, French physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel heard

Becquerel had been experimenting on phosphorescence, or hitting materials with light to make them

He reasoned that maybe some phosphorescence was related to Röntgen's X-rays.

So he busted out his inherited supply of his father's uranium—yes! seriously, this was a thing.

Becquerel soon realized using photography that some materials naturally gave off spooky

Like, uranium left an impression in a photographic plate just by being near it.

Some sort of energy was hitting the plate.

This was radiation: energy that comes out of matter as it decays, or breaks down into

Curie would later name this process of decay “radioactivity.”

Becquerel dove into research on radioactivity.

He figured out that uranium emits rays that can be deflected,

or pushed around, by electromagnetism, so they're a different form of radiation from

X-rays, which are not affected by electromagnetism at all.

Becquerel also researched what happens when you mix radiation and magnetic fields, showing

that radiation can have electrically negative, positive, or neutral charge.

And he did important work on electrons, which we'll get to next time.

Becquerel's contributions to radiation studies were wide ranging, from basics to potential

When he accidentally burned himself by carrying around a piece of radium, he and other researchers

concluded that radioactive substances might be able to burn bad stuff like tumors,

so they might have a medical use in fighting cancer.

This continued the tradition of using radiation as a medical technique that Röntgen had started

Becquerel died in 1908, likely due to his work with radioactive substances.

He left behind a clear research question: what happens when matter radiates spooky energy?

Enter Maria Curie, born Marie Skłodowska in Warsaw, at the time part of the Russian Empire.

But the Russians outlawed lab science in schools, and the University of Warsaw didn't admit

So she went to a secret school called the Flying University which is totally real and

Then in 1891, she joined her older sister, Bronisława, in Paris.

They made a pact to help each other finish degrees.

Despite not being great at French, and with no formal training in the sciences, she enrolled

at the University of Paris, one of the best schools on earth…

And earned a degree with distinction in physics—basically a master's—in 1893 and a second, in mathematics,

At first, she was super broke and hungry.

She tutored all night after her own classes, and she was barely keeping up.

But then after her first degree, she was hired to study the relationship between magnetism

and steel for the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry.

She needed a place to work, and in her search for a lab, she met Pierre Curie, who taught

Pierre proposed, but Marie was like, yeaaah, I'm from Poland…

The place Germany and Russia have been fighting over for a thousand years?

字幕リスト動画再生

マリー・キュリーと不気味な光線科学のクラッシュコースの歴史 #31 (Marie Curie and Spooky Rays: Crash Course History of Science #31)

stuff

matter

realize

treat