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  • Hi, I'm Jabril and welcome back to CrashCourse AI.

  • Algorithms are just math and code, but algorithms are created by people and use our data, so

  • biases that exist in the real world are mimicked or even exaggerated by AI systems.

  • This idea is called algorithmic bias.

  • Bias isn't inherently a terrible thing.

  • Our brains try to take shortcuts by finding patterns in data.

  • So if you've only seen small, tiny dogs, you might see a Great Dane and be likeWhoa

  • that dog is unnatural

  • This doesn't become a problem unless we don't acknowledge exceptions to patterns

  • or unless we start treating certain groups of people unfairly.

  • As a society, we have laws to prevent discrimination based on certainprotected classes” (like

  • gender, race, or age) for things like employment or housing.

  • So it's important to be aware of the difference between bias, which we all have, and discrimination,

  • which we can prevent.

  • And knowing about algorithmic bias can help us steer clear of a future where AI are used

  • in harmful, discriminatory ways.

  • INTRO

  • There are at least 5 types of algorithmic bias we should pay attention to.

  • First, training data can reflect hidden biases in society.

  • For example, if an AI was trained on recent news articles or books, the wordnurse

  • is more likely to refer to a “woman,” while the wordprogrammeris more likely

  • to refer to a “man.”

  • And you can see this happening with a Google image search: “nurseshows mostly women,

  • whileprogrammermostly shows mostly men.

  • We can see how hidden biases in the data gets embedded in search engine AI.

  • Of course, we know there are male nurses and female programmers and non-binary people doing

  • both of these jobs!

  • For example, an image search forprogrammer 1960” shows a LOT more women.

  • But AI algorithms aren't very good at recognizing cultural biases that might change over time,

  • and they could even be spreading hidden biases to more human brains.

  • t's also tempting to think that if we just don't collect or use training data that

  • categorizes protected classes like race or gender, then our algorithms can't possibly

  • discriminate.

  • But, protected classes may emerge as correlated features, which are features that aren't

  • explicitly in data but may be unintentionally correlated to a specific prediction.

  • For example, because many places in the US are still extremely segregated, zip code can

  • be strongly correlated to race.

  • A record of purchases can be strongly correlated to gender.

  • And a controversial 2017 paper showed that sexual orientation is strongly correlated

  • with characteristics of a social media profile photo.

  • Second, the training data may not have enough examples of each class, which can affect the

  • accuracy of predictions.

  • For example, many facial recognition AI algorithms are trained on data that includes way more

  • examples of white peoples' faces than other races.

  • One story that made the news a few years ago is a passport photo checker with an AI system

  • to warn if the person in the photo had blinked.

  • But the system had a lot of trouble with photos of people of Asian descent.

  • Being asked to take a photo again and again would be really frustrating if you're just

  • trying to renew your passport, which is already sort of a pain!

  • Or, let's say, you got a cool gig programming a drone for IBMbut it has trouble recognizing

  • your face because your skin's too darkfor example.

  • Third, it's hard to quantify certain features in training data.

  • There are lots of things that are tough to describe with numbers.

  • Like can you really rate a sibling relationship with a number?

  • It's complicated!

  • You love them, but you hate how messy they are, but you like cooking together, but you

  • hate how your parents compare you...

  • It's so hard to quantify all that!

  • In many cases, we try to build AI to evaluate complicated qualities of data, but sometimes

  • we have to settle for easily measurable shortcuts.

  • One recent example is trying to use AI to grade writing on standardized tests like SATs

  • and GREs with the goal to save human graders time.

  • Good writing involves complex elements like clarity, structure, and creativity, but most

  • of these qualities are hard to measure.

  • So, instead, these AI focused on easier-to-measure elements like sentence length, vocabulary,

  • and grammar, which don't fully represent good writingand made these AIs easier

  • to fool.

  • Some students from MIT built a natural language program to create essays that made NO sense,

  • but were rated highly by these grading algorithms.

  • These AIs could also potentially be fooled by memorizing portions oftemplateessays

  • to influence the score, rather than actually writing a response to the prompt, all because

  • of the training data that was used for these scoring AI.

  • Fourth, the algorithm could influence the data that it gets, creating a positive feedback

  • loop.

  • A positive feedback loop basically meansamplifying what happened in the past”… whether or

  • not this amplification is good.

  • An example is PredPol's drug crime prediction algorithm, which has been in use since 2012

  • in many large cities including LA and Chicago.

  • PredPol was trained on data that was heavily biased by past housing segregation and past

  • cases of police bias.

  • So, it would more frequently send police to certain neighborhoods where a lot of racial

  • minority folks lived.

  • Arrests in those neighborhoods increased, that arrest data was fed back into the algorithm,

  • and the AI would predict more future drug arrests in those neighborhoods and send the

  • police there again.

  • Even though there might be crime in neighborhoods where police weren't being sent by this

  • AI, because there weren't any arrests in those neighborhoods, data about them wasn't fed

  • back into the algorithm.

  • While algorithms like PredPol are still in use, to try and manage these feedback effects,

  • there is currently more effort to monitor and adjust how they process data.

  • So basically, this would be like a new principal who was hired to improve the average grades

  • of a school, but he doesn't really care about the students who already have good grades.

  • He creates a watchlist of students who have really bad grades and checks up on them every

  • week, and he ignores the students who keep up with good grades.

  • If any of the students on his watchlist don't do their homework that week, they get punished.

  • But all of the students NOT on his watchlist can slack on their homework, and get away

  • with it based onwhat happened in the past.”

  • This is essentially what's happening with PredPol, and you can be the judge if you believe

  • it's fair or not.

  • Finally, a group of people may mess with training data on purpose.

  • For example, in 2014, Microsoft released a chatbot named Xiaoice in China.

  • People could chat with Xiaoice so it would learn how to speak naturally on a variety

  • of topics from these conversations.

  • It worked great, and Xiaoice had over 40 million conversations with no incidents.

  • In 2016, Microsoft tried the same thing in the U.S. by releasing the Twitterbot Tay.

  • Tay trained on direct conversation threads on Twitter, and by playing games with users

  • where they could get it to repeat what they were saying.

  • In 12 hours after its release, after a “coordinated attack by a subset of peoplewho biased

  • its data set, Tay started posting violent, sexist, anti-semitic, and racist Tweets.

  • This kind of manipulation is usually framed asjokingortrolling,” but the

  • fact that AI can be manipulated means we should take algorithmic predictions with a grain

  • of salt.

  • This is why I don't leave John-Green-Bot alone online

  • The common theme of algorithmic bias is that AI systems are trying to make good predictions,

  • but they make mistakes.

  • Some of these mistakes may be harmless or mildly inconvenient, but others may have significant

  • consequences.

  • To understand the key limitations of AI in our current society, let's go to the Thought

  • Bubble.

  • Let's say there's an AI system called HireMe! that gives hiring recommendations

  • to companies.

  • HireMe is being used by Robots Weekly, a magazine where John-Green-bot applied for an editorial

  • job.

  • Just by chance, the last two people namedJohngot fired from Robots Weekly and

  • another threeJohnsdidn't make it through the hiring process.

  • So, when John-Green-Bot applies for the job, HireMe! predicts that he's only 24% likely

  • to be employed by the company in 3 years.

  • Seeing this prediction, the hiring manager at Robots Weekly rejects John-Green-bot, and

  • this data gets added to the HireMe!

  • AI system.

  • John-Green-Bot is just anotherJohnthat got rejected, even though he may have

  • been the perfect robot for the job!

  • Now, futureJohnshave an even lower chance to be hired.

  • It's a positive feedback loop, with some pretty negative consequences for John-Green-Bot.

  • Of course, being namedJohnisn't a protected class, but this could apply to

  • other groups of people.

  • Plus, even though algorithms like HireMe!

  • Are great at establishing a link between two kinds of data, they can't always clarify

  • why they're making predictions.

  • For example, HireMe! may find that higher age is associated with lower knowledge of

  • digital technologies, so the AI suggests hiring younger applicants.

  • Not only is this illegally discriminating against the protected class ofage,”

  • but the implied link also might not be true.

  • John-Green-bot may be almost 40, but he runs a robot blog and is active in online communities

  • like Nerdfighteria!

  • So it's up to humans interacting with AI systems like HireMe! to pay attention to recommendations

  • and make sure they're fair, or adjust the algorithms if not.

  • Thanks, Thought Bubble!

  • Monitoring AI for bias and discrimination sounds like a huge responsibility, so how

  • can we do it?

  • The first step is just understanding that algorithms will be biased.

  • It's important to be critical about AI recommendations, instead of just accepting thatthe computer

  • said so.”

  • This is why transparency in algorithms is so important, which is the ability to examine

  • inputs and outputs to understand why an algorithm is giving certain recommendations.

  • But that's easier said than done when it comes to certain algorithms, like

  • deep learning methods.

  • Hidden layers can be tricky to interpret.

  • Second, if we want to have less biased algorithms, we may need more training data on protected

  • classes like race, gender, or age.

  • Looking at an algorithm's recommendations for protected classes may be a good way to

  • check it for discrimination.

  • This is kind of a double-edged sword, though.

  • People who are part of protected classes may (understandably) be worried about handing

  • over personal information.

  • It may feel like a violation of privacy, or they might worry that algorithms will be misused

  • to target rather than protect them.

  • Even if you aren't actively working on AI systems, knowing about these algorithms and

  • staying informed about artificial intelligence are really important as we shape the future

  • of this field.

  • Anyone, including you, can advocate for more careful, critical interpretation of algorithmic

  • outputs to help protect human rights.

  • Some people are even advocating that algorithms should be clinically tested and scrutinized

  • in the same way that medicines are.

  • According to these opinions, we should know if there areside effectsbefore integrating

  • AI in our daily lives.

  • There's nothing like that in the works yet.

  • But it took over 2400 years for the Hippocratic Oath to transform into current medical ethics

  • guidelines.

  • So it may take some time for us to come up with the right set of practices.

  • Next time, we have a lab and I'll demonstrate how there are biases in even simple things

  • like trying to adopt a cat or a dog.

  • I'll see ya then.

  • Speaking of understanding how bias and misinformation spread, you should check out this video on Deep Fakes

  • I did with Above the Noise -- another PBSDS channel that gets into the research behind controversial issues.

  • Head over to the video in the description to find out how detect deep fakes.

  • Tell them Jabril sent you!

  • Crash Course AI is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios!

  • If you want to help keep all Crash Course free for everybody, forever, you can join

  • our community on Patreon.

  • And if you want to learn more about prejudice and discrimination in humans, you can check

  • out this episode of Crash Course Sociology.

Hi, I'm Jabril and welcome back to CrashCourse AI.

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アルゴリズムのバイアスと公平性クラッシュコースAI #18 (Algorithmic Bias and Fairness: Crash Course AI #18)

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    林宜悉 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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