Name: ナポレオン・ボナパルトクラッシュ・コース ヨーロッパの歴史 #22 (Napoleon Bonaparte: Crash Course European History #22)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:27:44.000Z
Duration: 15 min 54 s
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Hi I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History.

So, the word revolution is a funny one, because it literally means a full turn of 360 degrees.

Like, you end a revolution where you started out.

But in history, revolution means radical change, stark departures from the world that was,

and the messy, often violent embrace of a new world.

The French Revolution was in different ways both kinds of Revolution--in the end, an absolutist

government was replaced by an absolutist government.

But the change that emerged from the Revolution was real and lasting.

It helped usher in a world where people saw themselves as citizens of a community rather

And eventually, a rising military star named Napoleon Bonaparte would prove that having

your dad be king of France was not the only way to become ruler of France.

[Intro] Napoleon grew up poor in Corsica, but he loved

reading and managed to secure a scholarship to a military academy.

As a kid, he spoke Corsican and Italian and didn't start learning French until he was

And he was bullied for his accented French and for his overall tininess--although despite

what you may have heard about Napoleon Complexes, Bonaparte would eventually end up being around

five feet seven inches tall, about average for an 18th century man.

He entered the army as a second lieutenant in 1785 and began to rise through the ranks

throughout the tumultuous years of the French Revolution.

By the time he was 24, in 1793, he was a brigadier general working under the Committee for Public

Safety, which as you'll recall killed a lot of the public in the name of public safety.

And then in 1798, Napoleon crossed into Egypt with an entire army at his command, aiming

In addition to lots of soldiers, Napoleon brought with him scientists, linguists, and

other scholars to advance knowledge and also carry off more Egyptian riches.

The Egyptians were impressed by the openness of these scholars, but in general the French

completely appalled the local people with their crude ways and drunkenness.

And even as Napoleon flattered the Egyptians by declaring himself a worshiper of Islam,

he ultimately stole and desecrated many Egyptian artefacts--although later he also stole and

desecrated lots of artefacts from around Europe.

At any rate, Napoleon ultimately had to return to France in 1799, as his army and navy were

defeated by the British and the Egyptians.

And that timing turned out to be perfect: The Directory, which you'll recall, was

a five-person committee governing France after the collapse of Robespierre's Committee

for Public Safety, was overseeing a still-floundering economy and fighting wars on many fronts.

Napoleon helped overthrow the directorate in 1799, and quickly became “First Consul,”

and then took as his first task mending fences with the Catholic Church.

He agreed to the Concordat of 1801, which recognized Catholicism as the primary French

It also validated the sale of Church lands and the state's payment of clergymen's

salaries if they swore to uphold the French government.

And that was important because it ensured him the support one of France's most important

institutions, and you'll recall our discussions about how even dictators need support from

But it's also telling that Napoleon would eventually be excommunicated by the Catholic

Church for annexing Papal lands for France.

Napoleon was also popular with the people: He offered a solution to decades of instability

He won majorities when he had his candidacy for office and other decisions approved by

a plebiscite or vote, cast by men over the age of 21.

In 1802 he had himself declared Consul for Life and in 1804 Emperor.

Did the center of the world just open up?

Is there a bust of somebody who actually believes himself to be the center of the world in there?

I can tell, because it says, “Souvenier de Paris.”

So this bust of Napoleon complete with its armlessness and being cut off at the torso

And this was part of how Napoleon justified his dictatorial form of government.

He said “no, we're just going back to the Roman Empire...to the good old days of

From the Russian word Tsar, which comes from the word Caesar, to 20th century dictators,

when your leaders start talking about reviving the glory of the Roman Empire, get nervous.

Oh look, its half-French, half-Roman Napoleon.

So, during the French Revolution, leaders promoted the ancient Roman idea of virtu—that

is, the sacrifice of personal interest for the good of the republic, the whole.

Napoleon continued all that Roman imagery but switched it from the Roman Republic to

you can even see this in his journey from being a Consul to being an Emperor.

He was portrayed in lavish costume and crowned with the laurel leaves of a conquering hero.

“Empire” style in furniture arose and women donned slim white dresses, free from

corsets and voluminous petticoats, in imitation of Roman statuary.

And Napoleon saw himself as a modern Justinian--the famed ancient lawgiver.

So to that end, he set out to have the most celebrated jurists under his guidance produce

Completed in 1804, the Code Napoléon (aka the Napoleonic Code) standardized the laws

The Code made rules for financial transfers and mortgages and for other legal transactions

concerning property standards across France instead of differing from province to province.

And legal standardization facilitated modern economic development.

But the other two sections on family and citizenship stunned many for the way they impoverished

and curtailed most of the rights of women.

Under the Napoleonic Code, women had no right to their own property once they were married--not

They could not serve as witnesses in court nor have control over or guardianship of their

They had to live where their husband directed them to live.

If they committed adultery, they were sent to jail.

But men, in contrast, would only be charged with a crime if they brought a sexual partner

Lest you think that history is simply a march toward more people having more rights….not

But by creating laws that specifically targeted the economy, the empire was seen as paving

字幕リスト動画再生

ナポレオン・ボナパルトクラッシュ・コースヨーロッパの歴史 #22 (Napoleon Bonaparte: Crash Course European History #22)

ultimately

eventually

ancient

general

ナポレオン・ボナパルトクラッシュ・コース ヨーロッパの歴史 #22 (Napoleon Bonaparte: Crash Course European History #22)

ultimately

eventually

ancient

general

ナポレオン・ボナパルトクラッシュ・コースヨーロッパの歴史 #22 (Napoleon Bonaparte: Crash Course European History #22)