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  • So far in constructing our timesharing system, we've worked hard to build an execution environment

  • that gives each process the illusion of running on its own independent virtual machine.

  • The processes appear to run concurrently although we're really quickly switching between running

  • processes on a single hardware system. This often leads to better overall utilization

  • since if a particular process is waiting for an I/O event, we can devote the unneeded cycles

  • to running other processes. The downside of timesharing is that it can

  • be hard to predict exactly how long a process will take to complete since the CPU time it

  • will receive depends on how much time the other processes are using.

  • So we'd need to know how many other processes there are, whether they're waiting for I/O

  • events, etc. In a timesharing system we can't make any

  • guarantees on completion times. And we chose to have the OS play the intermediary

  • between interrupt events triggered by the outside world and the user-mode programs where

  • the event processing occurs. In other words, we've separated event handling

  • (where the data is stored by the OS) and event processing (where the data is passed

  • to user-mode programs via SVCs). This means that using a conventional timesharing

  • system, it's hard to ensure that event processing will be complete by a specified event deadline,

  • i.e., before the end of a specified time period after the event was triggered.

  • Since modern CPU chips provide inexpensive, high-performance, general-purpose computing,

  • they are often used as the "brains" of control systems where deadlines are a fact of life.

  • For example, consider the electronic stability control (ESC) system on modern cars.

  • This system helps drivers maintain control of their vehicle during steering and braking

  • maneuvers by keeping the car headed in the driver's intended direction.

  • The computer at the heart of the system measures the forces on the car, the direction of steering,

  • and the rotation of the wheels to determine if there's been a loss of control

  • due to a loss of traction, i.e., is the car "spinning out"?

  • If so, the ESC uses rapid automatic braking of individual wheels to prevent the car's

  • heading from veering from the driver's intended heading.

  • With ESC you can slam on your brakes or swerve to avoid an obstacle and not worry that the

  • car will suddenly fishtail out of control. You can feel the system working as a chatter

  • in the brakes. To be effective, the ESC system has to guarantee

  • the correct braking action at each wheel within a certain time of receiving dangerous sensor

  • settings. This means that it has to be able to guarantee

  • that certain subroutines will run to completion within some predetermined time of a sensor

  • event. To be able to make these guarantees we'll

  • have to come up with a better way to schedule process execution -

  • round-robin scheduling won't get the job done! Systems that can make such guarantees are

  • called "real-time systems". One measure of performance in a real-time

  • system is the interrupt latency L, the amount of time that elapses between a request to

  • run some code and when that code actually starts executing.

  • If there's a deadline D associated with servicing the request, we can compute the maximum allowable

  • latency that still permits the service routine to complete by the deadline.

  • In other words, what's the largest L such that L_max+S = D?

  • Bad things can happen if we miss certain deadlines. Maybe that's why we call them "dead"-lines

  • :) In those cases we want our real time system

  • to guarantee that the actual latency is always less than the maximum allowable latency.

  • These critical deadlines give rise to what we call "hard real-time constraints".

  • What factors contribute to interrupt latency? Well, while handling an interrupt it takes

  • times to save the process state, switch to the kernel context, and dispatch to the correct

  • interrupt handler. When writing our OS, we can work to minimize

  • the amount of code involved in the setup phase of an interrupt handler.

  • We also have to avoid long periods of time when the processor cannot be interrupted.

  • Some ISAs have complex multi-cycle instructions, e.g., block move instructions where a single

  • instruction makes many memory accesses as it moves a block of data from one location

  • to another. In designing the ISA, we need to avoid such

  • instructions or design them so that they can be interrupted and restarted.

  • The biggest problem comes when we're executing another interrupt handler in kernel mode.

  • In kernel mode, interrupts are disabled, so the actual latency will be determined by the

  • time it takes to complete the current interrupt handler in addition to the other costs mentioned

  • above. This latency is not under the control of the

  • CPU designer and will depend on the particular application.

  • Writing programs with hard real-time constraints can get complicated!

  • Our goal is to bound and minimize interrupt latency.

  • We'll do this by optimizing the cost of taking an interrupt and dispatching to the correct

  • handler code. We'll avoid instructions whose execution time

  • is data dependent. And we'll work to minimize the time spent

  • in kernel mode. But even with all these measures, we'll see

  • that in some cases we'll have to modify our system to allow interrupts even in kernel

  • mode. Next we'll look at some concrete examples

  • and see what mechanisms are required to make guarantees about hard real-time constraints.

So far in constructing our timesharing system, we've worked hard to build an execution environment

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B1 中級

18.2.4 リアルタイム (18.2.4 Real Time)

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    林宜悉 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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