Name: 今、悟りを開く。スティーブン・ピンカー/JBピーターソン (Enlightenment now: Steven Pinker/JB Peterson)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:25:01.000Z
Duration: 1 h 5 min 55 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

程度の副詞

I have the distinct pleasure today of being able to sit down and talk to Dr Steven Pinker, Harvard University, who's just written a new book, May.

He's written many books, but this is the newest one.

It's called Enlightenment now, and it's Ah, New York Times bestseller for seven weeks.

And Dr Baker is indicated to me that it's doing its this.

It's doing better than his other books have, and and and they've also done very well.

So Steven Baker is the Harvard College professor of psychology at Harvard University.

He's a two time Pulitzer Prize finalist and winner of many awards for his research.

Teaching and Books is being named one of times 100 most influential people on one of foreign policies, 100 leading global fakers.

His books include The Stuff of Thought, The Better Angels of Our Nature, The Blank Slate and The Sense of Style.

And so I'm welcoming Dr Baker, obviously, and I'd like him to start telling us to start by telling us about the book itself, and then we'll talk about broader issues and about the other books.

Well, the book's subtitle is The Case or Reason.

I'll begin with the progress because that was the epiphany that, more than anything inspired the book I did in a previous book, The Better Angels of Our Nature.

When I was surprised to come across data sets showing that many measures of violence, it declined.

Over the course of history, I was stunned to see a graph that showed the rates of homicide from England and other Western European countries from the 13 hundreds to the 20th century showing a decline of anywhere from 35 to 50 in the chances of getting murdered.

When I, uh, called attention to this fact in a block post, I then got correspondents from historians from international relations.

Scholars from sociologists say you could have mentioned other declines.

Another decline of violence and one war scholar should be that the greater death of war have plummeted.

Another showed me that rates of domestic violence have gone down.

Still another that rates of child abuse is going down, and I realized at the time that it was important story here that was, uh, that had to be told that these different declines of violence ought to be presented to the world in between a single pair of covers just because it didn't seem to be something of a pattern and as a psychologist had opened up the challenge of how to explain it.

First of all, how do you explain the fact that there's been there is so much violence security affairs, but also the fact that it can be brought down?

We'll have a similar set of epiphanies that led to the writing of enlightenment.

Now, when, after they're angels published, I started to come across data showing that other aspects of human well being approved.

The rate of extreme poverty had plummeted by about 50% just in three decades and now stands less than 10%.

Life expectancy has been increasing all over the world, including the poorest parts of the world.

Uh, the number of kids going to school has increased, including girls.

More than 90% of people under the age of 25 on the planet are literate.

Life has been getting better, and it's not the kind of development that you could learn about reading the papers.

Quite the contrary, because journalism covers what goes wrong, not what goes right.

You could easily come away with the impression that the world is getting worse and worse as a kind of statistical illusion of feeding a cognitive bias on DDE.

Not realize until you looked at data sets.

How many ways in which life has I improved, including measures like war and crime, which would when my guests are going in the wrong direction is supposed to be the right direction that combined that.

The other motivation for the book was a set of attacks on the application of science, to the traditional domains of the humanities, to history, to the arts, to morality, to language.

Ah, an effort that I I think is quite salubrious.

The fact that that scientific insights are being brought to bear on, um on human affairs and how could they not given the art society are, in a sense, products of our psychology products of human nature.

There's bitter resentment to any application of scientific ideas or the scientific mind set to human affairs.

Snow in this famous lectures and accuracy of the early rate fifties early 19 sixties, but the conflict is very much with us.

I wrote an essay called Science Is Not Your Enemy, which were published The New Republican, which went viral.

That was the immediate kickoff for the proposal that ended up dedicated like now I was involved in something of, ah, literary spat with with Leon Wieseltier and editor of The New Republic.

But I quickly realized that two guys having an argument is not enoughto plump out a book.

And so I had the centerpiece of the book Just be the documentation of a fact that most people are unaware off.

Namely, that in most measures, life has gotten better over time.

Now, as with the better angels of our nature, I didn't want to just present Ah, bunch of grants alike did present many grafts, but I wanted to explain them.

It seemed to me that if we if there was any overarching explanation as to why life get got better, it's that people in the past thought that by understanding how the world works, putting ourselves we could try to solve problems.

And as we accumulate our cultural knowledge, we can improve our well being.

And I attribute that mindset to the Enlightenment, the idea that we can use knowledge to improve human well being that I've met that might sound almost too banal and that try to be worth defending.

I thought that those ideals very much needed a defense.

Okay, so you're leaving a number of things together.

So the first is your discovery that if you look at the data that things were getting better at a rate that's so remarkable, that is really nothing short of miraculous.

And you've produced dozens of graphs showing that in enlightenment.

Now, I noticed the same thing about three years ago when I was working for a U.

For the secretary General, the original narrative was extremely pessimistic detail how we were despoiling the planet and how everything was getting works and how we were at a teach others throats.

And I started to read extremely widely, and I found that on measure after measure, with some notable exceptions, like ocean oceanic overfishing, we have being doing so staggeringly much better in the last 150 years that you can't believe it on almost every on almost every measure you can imagine.

Oh, enlightenment Now and and then no, that's a secret.

Let's say people don't know about it and and that's strange.

And then you also associate it with a critique of the of the Enlightenment and scientific rationality.

Or perhaps you're stating explicitly that you're stating explicitly that there's a connection between the pessimism and the lack of knowledge.

Both this and the critique of the Enlightenment and rationality, because there's a question here if things were getting so much better.

And if the news is overwhelming on that front, I mean, some of the things you outlined are like the or that the deeper decreases in starvation, I suppose of the most remarkable and the provision of bountiful food on less and less far, but which is not something that people know.

Like if all this is happening, why don't we know about it.

And how is late to the How do you think if if it all, it's late to the critique of enlightenment rationality.

Action between the nature of journalism and the nature of cognition, namely, news is about what happens, not what doesn't happened.

And a lot of the very beneficial developments consists of things that don't happen.

Countries that are at peace, that used to be, Oh, I move you kids who are not starving terrorist attacks that do not happen.

You never see a journalist saying I'm reporting live from a country that's been apiece for 40 years.

But if a war breaks out, you could be sure that we'll hear about it all the more.

So now that that a majority of humanity consists of on the spot video journalists, thanks to smart phones.

Also, uh, bad things could happen quickly.

But good things aren't built in a day, and they often consist of incremental improvements a few percentage points a year that the compound that accumulate.

But that can never make the news because I've never happened.

All of a sentence on a Thursday together without the cognitive impediments to understanding the state of the world.

The fact that news reports memorable events and we know from the study of the cognition of risk and probability from Daniel complimented me, Mr Ski, that we tend to assess probability and risk I ah, a shortcut called the availability heuristic namely, the easier it is to I've dreaded up an example for memory, the more likely we think something is.

So people think that tornadoes kill a lot of people, but they don't realize that falling off ladders kills far more people.

But when there's a tornado, guys, do you know that solar power kills more people than nuclear power every year?

I didn't did not know that, but it doesn't surprise me because nuclear power kills.

No one supposes installers fall off from That's exactly right.

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今、悟りを開く。スティーブン・ピンカー/JBピーターソン (Enlightenment now: Steven Pinker/JB Peterson)

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