This is Professor Mario Molina,

a scientist who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

Now I'm gonna use the example of Professor Molina

to teach us about connections,

or drawing connections between scientific information

in a text, in a piece of writing,

because reading scientific papers often involves

learning about a bunch of new information all at once

and then learning how all of that new information connects.

How is information connected?

Before we dive into Doctor Molina's life and research,

let's use a simple example.

A bowl of noodles, say.

Let's put a little sauce on those noodles,

maybe a little bit of pesto.

Just a little bit of green, little bit of basil.

Here's a basil leaf.

So, using this bowl of pasta as an example.

In a piece of nonfiction,

we can learn why something happened.

We can learn why the pasta was made,

you know, maybe I was hungry.

We can learn how something happened.

So in the case of the pasta,

I cooked it in boiling water and then drained it

and put some sauce on top and put it in a bowl.

We can learn how one event impacted other events.

Let's say I had a very late lunch at like 4:00 p.m.

that consisted of this pasta

and then by 7:00 p.m.,

when it was time for me to have dinner,

I didn't have as much of an appetite

'cause I'd spoiled my appetite with this

big ol' bowl of pasta at 4:00 p.m.

And we can also learn how events cause other events.

So, say I'd had my late lunch of pasta

and I wasn't ready for dinner at 7:00 p.m.,

so I decided to push dinner back a couple of hours.

That's, you know, I'm an adult.

I eat when I want.

Now, I know this example is a little silly,

but I wanted to talk about something relatively simple,

like a bowl of noodles,

before we dive into Doctor Molina and his research,

which is about pretty complicated scientific concepts.

So, these are just four of the ways

that information can be connected.

It's not, these aren't the only four ways,

these aren't the ways to think about information,

but these are some of them

and this is a helpful way to think about

making connections when you're reading.

So, this is taken from a passage on the website

about Mario Molina's research.

I'm gonna read this passage and as I do,

I'm going to try and find connections

between pieces of information in the text.

I'm going to try and pull out of the passage

the stuff that the author wants me to know

and the stuff that the author wants me to put together.

"As a professor, Mario Molina tackled a question

"that no other scientist had before.

"It was, how do chlorofluorocarbons,"

what a long word, "chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs,

"affect the atmosphere?"

Now this is interesting

because these are parentheses

and the parentheses are telling us that CFC

is a shorter way to refer to chlorofluorocarbon,

which we assume is,

I'm gonna assume is some kind of chemical

and how do they affect the atmosphere.

So what is the impact of these CFCs on the atmosphere?

And specifically, sentences like these

that are built up like this, right?

So it's, the passage is setting up the idea

that no other scientist had ever asked this question

or hadn't successfully managed to deal with it,

tackled it, right?

What is the impact of these CFCs on the atmosphere?

And if you don't know a word like atmosphere,

now is a really good time to look it up.

Right, the atmosphere is the layer of air and gases

that surrounds the rocky part of our planet.

So we can just say, the air,

just sort of as a rough definition.

So how do CFCs affect the air?

And so, now we've been cued to look for

some sort of cause effect relationship.

Now we've been cued for some sort of relationship

between CFCs and the atmosphere.

They affect it somehow.

They do something to it.

Let's keep reading.

"CFCs are chemicals," great,

"once used to cool refrigerators."

Okay, so this is starting to answer my next question,

like what are CFCs?

"They were also used in things like hair spray."

So, hair spray and refrigerators.

Now, I don't use a lotta hair spray,

but I do have a refrigerator in my home,

which leads me to think that CFCs used to be pretty common.

That's what these two sentences together tell me.

I also keyed in on the word, once, here,

which suggests to me that they used to cool refrigerators

and used to be used in things like hair spray,

but I don't think that they are anymore.

Probably because of Molina's research.

"At this time in the 1970s,

"the public believed that CFCs were safe to use."

All right, so now I know when this research is taking place

is in the 1970s.

This also kind of explains the hair spray thing.

If you've ever seen a movie from the '70s,

people had much much much bigger hair

than they do today.

So we know that in the '70s,

the public, like everybody, believed that CFCs were safe.

"However," ooh, love a however,

"Molina discovered something else."

Something else other than what?

Well, because of where this transition is,

it's in the next paragraph

and it's kind of reflecting back on the previous sentence,

I think we can say that something else

is that CFCs were maybe not so safe to use,

something else was true.

"After release, CFCs rise up into the Earth's atmosphere.

"There, solar radiation breaks them down

"into something called chlorine.

"Chlorine destroys the ozone layer,

"which shields Earth from the sun's harmful rays."

All right, so that's a lot of information all at once

and that's a lot of relationships

of information all at once.

So we've got our little can of hair spray.

There it goes. (spraying sounds)

And after it's used, it rises up into the atmosphere

where rays from the sun hit it

and that breaks it down into chlorine

and chlorine destroys the ozone layer,

which protects us from the harmful rays of the sun.

So, let's go back to our pasta bowl

and instead of pasta,

let's scribble that out and replace it

with the destruction of the ozone layer in the '70s.

So why did it happen?

The answer to that is CFCs got into the atmosphere.

I'm just gonna write CFCs, ATMO.

How did something happen?

Well, when the CFCs get hit by solar radiation,

they turn into chlorine

and the chlorine eats the ozone layer.

And what is the impact of the ozone layer being destroyed?

More exposure to solar radiation.

And what caused this to happen?

The use of CFCs in hair spray and refrigerators.

So when you're trying to make connections

in a scientific text,

ask yourself these questions.

Why did something happen, how did it happen,

what are the impacts from that thing happening,

and does it cause anything else to happen?

Taking the information from a text

and then kinda plunking it into these questions

or these thoughts, is a great way to figure out

how information relates to other information

within that passage and how it relates to stuff

you may already know about.

So we say, "Thank you, Doctor Molina,

"for saving the ozone layer."

You can learn anything, David out.