It represents an amount of digital information,

which is uncomfortable to store,

transport,

or analyze.

Big data is so voluminous

that it overwhelms the technologies of the day

and challenges us to create the next generation

of data storage tools and techniques.

So, big data isn't new.

In fact, physicists at CERN have been wrangling

with the challenge of their ever-expanding big data for decades.

Fifty years ago, CERN's data could be stored

in a single computer.

OK, so it wasn't your usual computer,

this was a mainframe computer

that filled an entire building.

To analyze the data,

physicists from around the world traveled to CERN

to connect to the enormous machine.

In the 1970's, our ever-growing big data

was distributed across different sets of computers,

which mushroomed at CERN.

Each set was joined together

in dedicated, homegrown networks.

But physicists collaborated without regard

for the boundaries between sets,

hence needed to access data on all of these.

So, we bridged the independent networks together

in our own CERNET.

In the 1980's, islands of similar networks

speaking different dialects

sprung up all over Europe and the States,

making remote access possible but torturous.

To make it easy for our physicists across the world

to access the ever-expanding big data

stored at CERN without traveling,

the networks needed to be talking

with the same language.

We adopted the fledgling internet working standard from the States,

followed by the rest of Europe,

and we established the principal link at CERN

between Europe and the States in 1989,

and the truly global internet took off!

Physicists could easily then access

the terabytes of big data

remotely from around the world,

generate results,

and write papers in their home institutes.

Then, they wanted to share their findings

with all their colleagues.

To make this information sharing easy,

we created the web in the early 1990's.

Physicists no longer needed to know

where the information was stored

in order to find it and access it on the web,

an idea which caught on across the world

and has transformed the way we communicate

in our daily lives.

During the early 2000's,

the continued growth of our big data

outstripped our capability to analyze it at CERN,

despite having buildings full of computers.

We had to start distributing the petabytes of data

to our collaborating partners

in order to employ local computing and storage

at hundreds of different institutes.

In order to orchestrate these interconnected resources

with their diverse technologies,

we developed a computing grid,

enabling the seamless sharing

of computing resources around the globe.

This relies on trust relationships and mutual exchange.

But this grid model could not be transferred

out of our community so easily,

where not everyone has resources to share

nor could companies be expected

to have the same level of trust.

Instead, an alternative, more business-like approach

for accessing on-demand resources

has been flourishing recently,

called cloud computing,

which other communities are now exploiting

to analyzing their big data.

It might seem paradoxical for a place like CERN,

a lab focused on the study

of the unimaginably small building blocks of matter,

to be the source of something as big as big data.

But the way we study the fundamental particles,

as well as the forces by which they interact,

involves creating them fleetingly,

colliding protons in our accelerators

and capturing a trace of them

as they zoom off near light speed.

To see those traces,

our detector, with 150 million sensors,

acts like a really massive 3-D camera,

taking a picture of each collision event -

that's up to 14 millions times per second.

That makes a lot of data.

But if big data has been around for so long,

why do we suddenly keep hearing about it now?

Well, as the old metaphor explains,

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts,

and this is no longer just science that is exploiting this.

The fact that we can derive more knowledge

by joining related information together

and spotting correlations

can inform and enrich numerous aspects of everyday life,

either in real time,

such as traffic or financial conditions,

in short-term evolutions,

such as medical or meteorological,

or in predictive situations,

such as business, crime, or disease trends.

Virtually every field is turning to gathering big data,

with mobile sensor networks spanning the globe,

cameras on the ground and in the air,

archives storing information published on the web,

and loggers capturing the activities

of Internet citizens the world over.

The challenge is on to invent new tools and techniques

to mine these vast stores,

to inform decision making,

to improve medical diagnosis,

and otherwise to answer needs and desires

of tomorrow's society in ways that are unimagined today.