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  • There once was a man named Albert Alexander.

  • He was a policeman

  • “[American accent] Hey.”

  • in England.

  • “[British accent] Hello.”

  • One day on patrol, he cut his cheek

  • Ouch!”

  • which led to a terrible infection.

  • See, this was back in 1941, before patients

  • had antibiotics.

  • These were the days when a little scratch

  • could kill you.

  • Or you got an ear infection and you died.

  • A cat bite and you died. Or you stepped on a stick

  • and you died.

  • All of a sudden, antibiotics come along and bang.”

  • The antibiotic era had begun.

  • Soon a slow and painful death became a seven-day course

  • of antibiotics and a $10 copay.

  • And Albert?

  • Albert was the first patient in the world

  • to receive the antibioticpenicillin.

  • And it worked.

  • We just came up with a lifesaving, life-extending drug,

  • one of the greatest developments

  • in human history.

  • Except not.”

  • That’s Matt Richtel, a science reporter

  • for The New York Times.

  • For the past year, Matt’s been talking to health experts

  • to find out if we are reaching the end

  • of the antibiotic era.

  • Modern medicine depends on the antibiotic.

  • And having used it so much, were now putting it at risk.

  • Is our fate sealed?”

  • First off, I don’t think people respect

  • bacteria enough.”

  • This is Ellen Silbergeld, one of the leading scientists

  • studying antibiotic resistance.

  • Bacteria rule the world.

  • We are just a platform for bacteria.

  • Within the human body, there are more bacterial cells

  • than there are human cells.

  • So we are, in fact, mostly bacteria.”

  • Alexander Fleming —”

  • the man who discovered penicillin

  • “— in his Nobel speech said, hang on, be aware.

  • When you start killing this stuff off,

  • it’s going to fight back.”

  • Did we pay any attention to that?

  • No.”

  • The C.D.C. got our attention today with a warning

  • about what it callsnightmare bacteria.’”

  • These are bacteria that are resistant to most,

  • if not all, antibiotics.”

  • When we take antibiotics to kill infections,

  • some bacteria survive.

  • It used to be they’d replicate,

  • and eventually resistance would grow.

  • But now, theyre way more efficient

  • and share drug-resistant genes among themselves.

  • So every time we take an antibiotic,

  • we risk creating stronger, more resistant bacteria.

  • And stronger, more resistant bacteria

  • means less and less effective antibiotics.

  • And this is a problem because we take lots of antibiotics.

  • Money gets made over the sale of antibiotics.”

  • Big money.

  • Globally, the antibiotics market

  • is valued at $40 billion.

  • And in the U.S., the C.D.C. estimates that about 30 percent

  • of all prescribed antibiotics are not needed at all.

  • That’s 47 million excess prescriptions.

  • And in many places outside of the U.S.,

  • you don’t even need a prescription.

  • You can walk into a pharmacy.

  • A pharmacist will diagnose you and give you antibiotics.

  • I tend to think of it as a story

  • of Darwinian forces multiplied by the pace and scale

  • of global capitalism.

  • In an interconnected worldtravel, import, export

  • were moving the bugs with us.”

  • “I can go to a meeting in China or Vietnam

  • or some place —”

  • This is Lance Price, the director of the

  • Antibiotic Resistance Action Center.

  • “I can become colonized by untreatable E. coli.

  • And I might not have any symptoms.

  • But you can get colonized.

  • And you can become this sort of long-term host.”

  • So you could be healthy and still spreading bad bacteria

  • without even knowing it.

  • Drug-resistant bacteria have never been able to travel

  • the world as fast as they do today.”

  • And that’s just part of the problem.

  • You should know that about 80 percent

  • of antibiotic production in this country

  • goes into agriculture.”

  • Why on earth did somebody think

  • putting antibiotics in agriculture

  • was a great idea?”

  • Weve said, hey, look, cram these animals together.

  • Don’t worry too much about hygiene

  • or trying to keep them healthy.

  • Just give them antibiotics.

  • And then in a couple weeks, youre going to have

  • full-grown animals that you can chop up and eat.

  • Right?

  • And you can make money off of that.”

  • Nobody was making the connection

  • between feeding animals antibiotics and the fact

  • that the food would be carrying

  • drug-resistant bacteria.”

  • So Ellen did a study.

  • She compared different kinds of store-bought chicken.

  • And she found that poultry raised with antibiotics

  • had nine times as much drug-resistant bacteria

  • on it.

  • Now, let’s talk about the vegetarians.

  • I just want you to understand, youre not safe.

  • You know all these outbreaks that

  • take place among the lettuce and the things like that.

  • Have you ever wondered how that happened?

  • It’s because animal manure is used in raising crops.

  • Organic agriculture lauds the use of animal manure.”

  • Unless youre just a complete, ‘I’m a vegan,

  • and I only hang out with vegans,

  • and I eat sterilized vegetables,’

  • you know, it’s very likely that youre picking up

  • the same bacteria.”

  • Resistant bacteria seep into the groundwater,

  • fly off the back of livestock trucks

  • and hitch a ride home on the hands of farm workers,

  • all of which makes trying to pinpoint exactly

  • where resistant bacteria is originating

  • extremely difficult.

  • And even when it seems like there is a clear source,

  • things still aren’t so simple.

  • No one wants to be seen as a hub of an epidemic.”

  • Say your grandmother makes you a rump roast.

  • And then that rump roast makes you sick.

  • Well, if you live in France, or Ireland,

  • or pretty much anywhere in the E.U.,

  • packaged meat has a tracking label.

  • You can figure out exactly what farm

  • that meat came from.

  • But in the U.S., not even the top public health officials

  • can do that.

  • Most countries have animal ID laws.

  • We don’t.”

  • Pat Basu, former chief veterinarian

  • for the U.S.D.A.’s Food Safety and Inspection Service,

  • basically one of the top veterinarians in the country.

  • Let me start at the beginning.

  • We got a case where we had resistant bacteria

  • causing illness in people.

  • There were sick people that C.D.C. identified.”

  • More than 50 people in eight counties

  • have gotten an unusual strain of salmonella

  • linked to pork.”

  • This is not your grandmother’s pathogen anymore.

  • This is a new bug.”

  • Health officials traced the outbreak back

  • to the slaughterhouse and identified

  • six potential farms where the outbreak

  • could have come from.

  • But then the investigation shut down.

  • The individual farmers have to agree voluntarily

  • to share the data with these investigators who go out.

  • We couldn’t go any further back.

  • It was a dead end.”

  • 192 people sick, 30 hospitalizations

  • and zero access

  • for health officials to investigate the farms.

  • The secrecy is maintained because there are

  • big economic forces behind it.

  • Farms are scared of losing their ability

  • to get antibiotics.

  • Hospitals are scared of driving away patients.”

  • Well, as a physician, I do get very upset.

  • I get very upset, as a patient, that information

  • is being withheld.”

  • This is Kevin Kavanagh, a doctor and

  • a consumer advocate for patients.

  • Drug-resistant bacteria is a huge problem.

  • If it occurs at a restaurant,

  • if it occurs in a cruise ship,

  • you know about this immediately —”

  • “A salmonella outbreak —”

  • within days or hours of an outbreak occurring.”

  • This morning, Chipotle is keeping

  • dozens of its restaurants in the Pacific Northwest closed —”

  • But yet, in a hospital, it can take you

  • months or even over a year until this data

  • appears on a governmental website

  • or reported by the C.D.C.”

  • In the U.S., hospitals are under no obligation

  • to inform the public when a bacterial outbreak occurs.

  • Defend and deny.

  • They are very concerned about

  • the short-term economic benefits,

  • rather than looking at long-term problems.”

  • There’s always this response like, well, but

  • there’s still a drug, right?

  • Like, this isn’t the end.”

  • Remember Albert Alexander? —

  • Hello.

  • Ouch!”

  • the first patient to be given penicillin?

  • Well, his story didn’t end there.

  • Five days after he started recovering,

  • the hospital ran out of the new drug,

  • and Mr. Alexander died.

  • Today, we don’t have to worry about antibiotics

  • running out.

  • We have to worry about using them so much that they

  • stop working altogether.

  • “— want to know why a metro health department didn’t

  • shut down a restaurant —”

  • It’s a very resistant bacteria —”

  • We really need to change the way we use antibiotics.

  • Because the way we use antibiotics

  • is destroying them.”

  • It’s putting at risk the entire system of care

  • that we depend on for lengthening our lives

  • and improving the quality of our lives.”

  • The British government commissioned a study

  • which predicted a worst case scenario

  • where more people will die by 2050 of these infections

  • than will die of cancer.

  • That’s a generation from now.”

  • It takes 10 years to identify, develop, test

  • and bring to market a new antibiotic.

  • And it takes a billion dollars.”

  • This is a common issue for humanity.”

  • Very similar to global warming.”

  • You can’t control it as a single company.

  • You can’t control this as a single government.”

  • And because the bacteria are now working together

  • so efficiently

  • Unless the world acts consistently together,

  • it doesn’t make a difference.”

There once was a man named Albert Alexander.

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私たちはバクテリアとの戦いに負けている、その理由はここにある|NYT (We’re Losing the War Against Bacteria, Here’s Why | NYT)

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    林宜悉 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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