Name: 7.現在を意識する、過去を意識する。言語 (7. Conscious of the Present; Conscious of the Past: Language)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T04:53:31.000Z
Duration: 59 min 43 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

yesterday's--I'm sorry, on Monday's lecture.

One is that somebody came up after class and asked when the

preference for your own language emerges in development and

She knew the answer. There's been studies looking at

newborn babies finding that pretty much the moment they pop

out they favor their own language over other

language--over other languages. And this suggests that they are

listening while in utero, while in the womb,

to the rhythms of their language and developing a

I talked very briefly about a court case in which the person

was--said at a moment where someone else was pointing a gun

and a police officer was killed. And that person was charged

with murder but I admitted I didn't actually know how things

turned out and was kind enough to do extensive research.

Well, he went to Wikipedia and [laughter]

found out the answer. The answer is he was tried and

found guilty for murder. He was then subsequently

1988, which is really nice except he was executed in 1957.

But they did it into a movie. So, it's a movie.

for the first part of the lecture, is continue the

language lecture and then move to perception,

attention, and memory. And what we had spoken about

was--We first talked about universals of language,

then moved to some detail about the different aspects of

language including phonology, morphology, and syntax.

We discussed the ways in which language does the amazing things

it does, including the fact that language has used arbitrary

and that languages exploit a combinatorial system including

recursion to put together these symbols into a virtually

We then talked about development and made some

remarks about the developmental time course – talking about

the emergence of language from babies to – where babies are

really good at learning language to you who are not,

whose brains have atrophied, whose language capacities are

about language, we could then ask do animals

And if not, can they learn it? Now, there is absolutely no

doubt at all that nonhuman animals possess communication

is not a matter of controversy. And if you want to use the term

"language" to mean "communication," then the answer

is obviously "yes." Dogs and bees and monkeys have

though in the more technical, narrow sense as anything that

has the properties that we discussed earlier,

using English and ASL and Spanish and so on as our

background, the answer's almost certainly "no."

Animal communication systems fall into sort of one of three

categories. Either there is a finite list

of calls, so vervet monkeys, for instance,

have a small list of calls to convey different warnings like

"attack from a snake" or "attack from a leopard."

works on this way. Bee dance communicates the

location of food sources but doesn't do it in any

syntactically structured way. Rather, the intensity of the

dance corresponds to the richness of the food source.

And then, you get things like random variation on a theme such

as birdsong. But what you don't find in any

real sense is phonology, morphology, syntax,

combinatorial systems or arbitrary names.

Now, this much is not particularly controversial.

There gets to be a lot of controversy though.

This is the summary about nonhuman communication systems.

It gets more controversial when we get to famous cases of

primates trained by humans such as Kanzi,

Nim Chimpsky, and other famous primates that

you may well have seen on the Discovery channel and other

controversial. If you read the Gray textbook,

while nothing in it is particularly inaccurate,

I think Gray is actually a little bit too credulous,

too believing in the claims that have been made about the

abilities of the animals. So many scientists argue,

even if they can be said to be learning words at all,

learn very few of them. And it takes them extensive

years of training to learn, unlike a normally developing

child who could learn a word in a day or a word in an hour.

The utterances often have order but this order tends to be very

limited and lacks the recursive properties.

And in fact, the lack of recursion is not

controversial. Finally, the utterances of

chimpanzees--trained chimpanzees are extremely repetitive so what

you often see on TV and in documentaries is sort of a

sampling. And the sampling could often be

very impressive but if you take just what they say at random it

tends to look like this. This is typical chimpanzee

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7.現在を意識する、過去を意識する。言語 (7. Conscious of the Present; Conscious of the Past: Language)

term

people

attention

perception