Name: コロンブスの取引所クラッシュ・コース 世界史 #23 (The Columbian Exchange: Crash Course World History #23)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T04:47:29.000Z
Duration: 12 min 9 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

Hi. I'm John Green, This is Crash Course: World History and today's video is kind of

a response to one of the most riveting history books you'll ever read,

"The Columbian Exchange," by David Crosby.

He had a good year in 1969. Published "The Columbian Exchange," played Woodstock, he

was still on his first liver. What? It was Albert Crosby? Gah! History. Never being as

Right, so, it was Alfred Crosby Jr. And in that book, he wrote:

"The big questions are really the only ones worth considering, and colossal nerve has

always been a prerequisite for such consideration." I love it!

Before 1492, we couldn't really talk about a world history at all. We could only talk

about the different histories of separate regions. But, Columbus changed all of that,

The Columbian Exchange irrevocably homogenized the world's biological landscape. Since Columbus,

the number of plant and animal species has continually diminished.

And the variation in species from place to place has diminished dramatically.

I mean the first European visitors to the Americas had never seen a tomato or a catfish.

And by making our planet biologically singular, the Columbian Exchange completely remade the

populations of animals, particularly humans.

And vitally, this cross-pollination also made possible such wonders as contemporary pizza.

So we're going to break Columbian exchange down into four categories: diseases (boy,

you're looking good, smallpox, I'm glad you've been eliminated), animals, plants, and people.

Mr. Green, Mr. Green. People are animals.

Yeah, that's true, Me from the Past, but just for the sake of simplicity--

Also, if you think about it, microbes are kind of animals and plants are too, I mean—

OH MY GOD SHUT UP BEFORE I KILL YOU AND CREATE A TIME TRAVEL PARADOX.

Microbes, like those hairy blokes back there, were a definite negative in terms of the Columbian

Terminology is hard here, but the majority of Caribbean Islanders or Native Americans

or Amerindians had exactly one response to the arrival of Europeans: death.

We can't be sure how many natives died as a result of European arrival, but it was definitely

more than 50%, and some estimates place it as high as 90%.

Historians used to blame European brutality, which was definitely was a factor, but the

Smallpox is usually seen as the villain of this story, but it's more likely that a series

of diseases in combination did the damage.

Along with smallpox, Americans were killed by measles, and mumps, typhus, chicken pox,

none of which they had been previous exposed to.

This astonishing decrease of population was definitely the worst effect of these diseases,

both psychologically and demographically, but the secondary effects were almost as bad.

For one thing, the deaths of Aztec and Incan rulers touched off wars, which in turn made

it easier to spread disease, because, you know, the number one way to catch smallpox

Plus, leaders kept dying. Huayna Capac, the leader of the Inca Empire succumbed to smallpox

His death led to a violent succession struggle between his sons, which was won by Atahualpa

who, in turn, was captured and killed by Pizarro.

And, without that war, the Inca would have had a much better chance against the Spaniards,

A similar thing happened to the Aztecs. The Moctezuma who eventually lost to Cortes was

the nephew of a much more powerful king who died of smallpox.

And, the death of that great king encouraged some of the smaller states in the Aztec empire

to rebel and some of them even fought for the Spaniards.

And, another side effect of disease was starvation because there simply weren't enough people

And then malnutrition made survivors that much more susceptible to disease. In short,

The transmission of disease largely went one way, from the Old World to the New, but the

Americans did have one gift for Europe: venreal syphilis.

It showed up in Europe around 1493. And even though Europeans are very fond of ascribing

Italians called it the French Disease; the French called it the disease of Naples; Poles

called it the German disease; Russians called it the Polish Disease—

The truth is, venereal syphilis was spread by sailors who'd returned from the Americas.

In fact, in his book "The Columbian Exchange," Crosby tells it like this:

"Sailors, by the nature of their profession, are men without women and therefore men of

many women. we can imagine no group ... more perfectly suited for guaranteeing that venereal

syphilis would have worldwide distribution."

Syphilis would go on to infect a veritable who's who of Europe, from Baudelaire to Gauguin

to Nietzsche, not to mention numerous family members of the famously infertile Tudor and

Valois families, meaning that Syphilis may be responsible for many of those miserably

boring dynastic power struggles of post-Columbus Europe.

Anyway, nothing against syphilis, but it pales in comparison to the devastation wrought by

Old World diseases arriving in the New World. But the New World did have one gift for the

Old World that was pretty destructive: Tobacco.

Oh, it's time for the Open Letter? And there's been a costume change? That doesn't bode well.

But first, let's see what in the secret compartment. Don't be cinnamon, don't be cinnamon, don't

I guess that I'm going to do the cinnamon challenge. Oh...I'm not happy about this,

Stan. For the record. Alright. I'm going to do the cinnamon challenge, one tablespoon

Ah, boy. That sucked. I regret doing that, to be honest with you.

Dear Tobacco, I just did something really stupid. But at

I'm going to tell you two stories about smoking. The first comes from my high school history

teacher, Raoul Meyer, who also writes Crash Course. When I was a senior in high school,

he walked up to me and he said, "I want you to keep smoking. I want you to smoke until

the day after your 65th birthday, and then I want you to die so that I collect all of

That inspired me, Mr. Meyer, to quit smoking just eight short years later.

Here is an amazing statistic, cigarettes were handed out to American service men during

字幕リスト動画再生

コロンブスの取引所クラッシュ・コース世界史 #23 (The Columbian Exchange: Crash Course World History #23)

world

pizza

smoking

potato

コロンブスの取引所クラッシュ・コース 世界史 #23 (The Columbian Exchange: Crash Course World History #23)

world

pizza

smoking

potato

コロンブスの取引所クラッシュ・コース世界史 #23 (The Columbian Exchange: Crash Course World History #23)