between two payment options.

Both of them are good, because in either case

you're getting money.

So choice one.

Today I will give you $100.

I'll circle the payment when you get it in magenta.

So today you get $100.

Choice two.

And I'll try to write this choice a little bit neater.

Choice two is that not in 1 year, but in 2 years.

So let's say this is year 1.

And now this is year 2.

Actually I'm going to give you three choices.

That'll really hopefully hit things home.

So actually let me scoot this choice two over to the left.

Back to green.

So now I'm back in business.

So choice two, I am willing to give you, let's say, oh I

don't know, $110 in 2 years.

So not in 1 year.

In 2 years I'm going to give you $110.

And so I'll circle in magenta when you

actually get your payment.

And then choice three .

And choice three is going to be fascinating.

I've done it in a slightly different shade of green.

Choice three, I am going to pay you-- I'm making this up

on the fly as I go-- I'm going to pay you $20 today.

I'm going to pay you $50 in 1 year.

That's $70.

Let me make this so it's close.

And then I'm going to pay you, I don't know, $35 in year 3.

So all of these are payments.

I want to differentiate between the actual dollar

payments and the present values.

And just for the sake of simplicity, let's assume that

I am guaranteed.

I am the safest person available.

If the world exists, if the sun does not supernova, I will

be paying you this amount of money.

So I'm as risk-free as the federal government.

And I had a post on the previous present value, where

someone talked about, well is the federal

government really that safe?

And this is the point.

The federal government, when it borrows from you $100.

Let's say it borrows $100 and it promises

to pay it in a year.

It'll give you that $100.

The risk is, what is that $100 worth?

Because they might inflate the currency to death.

Anyway, I won't go into that right now.

Let's just go back to this present value problem.

And actually sometimes governments

do default on debt.

But the U.S. government has never defaulted.

It has inflated its currency.

So that's kind of a round about way of defaulting.

But its never actually said, I will not pay you.

Because if that happened, our entire financial system would

blow up and we would all be living off the land again.

Anyway, back to this problem.

Enough commentary from Sal.

So let's just compare choice one and choice two again.

And once again let's say that risk-free, I could put money,

I could lend it to the federal government at 5%.

Risk-free rate is 5%.

And for the sake of simplicity-- in the next video

I will make that assumption less simple-- but for the sake

simplicity, the government will pay you 5% whether you

give them the money for 1 year, whether you give them

the money for 2 years, or whether you give them the

money for 3 years, right?

So if I had $100, what would that be worth in 1 year?

We figured that out already.

It's 100 times 1.05.

So that's $105.

And then if you got another 5%?

So the government is giving you 5% per year.

It would be 105 times 1.05.

And what is that?

So I have 105 times 1.05, which equals $110.25.

So that is the value in 2 years.

So immediately, without even doing any present value, we

see that you'll actually be better off in 2 years if you

were to take the money now and just lend it to the

government.

Because the government, risk-free, will give you

$110.25 in 2 years, while I'm only willing to give you $110.

So that's all fair and good.

But the whole topic, what we're trying to solve, is

present value.

So let's take everything in today's money.

And to take this $110 and say what is that worth today, we

can just discount it backwards by the same method, right?

So $110 in 2 years, what is its 1-year value?

Well, you take $110 and you divide it by 1.05.

You're just doing the reverse.

And then you get some number here.

Well that number you get is 110 divided by 1.05.

And then to get its present value, its value today, you

divide that by 1.05 again.

So you get 110 divided.

If I were to divide by 1.05 again what do I get?

I divide by 1.05, and then I divide by 1.05 again.

I'm dividing by 1.05 squared.

And what does that equal?

And I'm writing this on purpose, because I want to get

you used to this notation.

Because this is what all of our present values and our

discounted cash flow, this type of dividing by 1 plus the

discount rate to the power of however many years out, this

is what all of that's based on.

And that's all we're doing though, we're just dividing by

1.05 twice because we're 2 years out.

So let's do that.

110 divided by 1.05 squared is equal to $99.77.

So once again we have verified, by taking the

present value of $110 in 2 years to today, that its

present value-- if we assume a 5% discount rate.

And this discount rate, this is where all of the fudge

factor occurs in finance.

You can tweak that discount rate and make a few

assumptions in discount rate and

pretty much assume anything.

But right now, for simplification, we're assuming

a risk-free discount rate.

But when the present value is based on that, you get $99.77.

You say, wow, yeah, this really isn't as good as this.

I would rather have $100 today than $99.77 today.

Now this is interesting.

Choice number three.

How do we look at this?

Well what we do is, we present value each of

the payments, right?

So the present value of $20 today, well that's just $20.

What's the present value of $50 in 1 year?

Well the present value of that is going to be-- so plus $50

divided by 1.05, right-- that's the present value of

the $50, because it's 1 year out.

And then I want the present value of the $35.

So that's plus $35 divided by what-- it's 2 years out,

right, so you have to discount it twice--

divided by 1.05 squared.

Just like we did here.

So let's figure out what that present value is.

Notice I'm just adding up the present values of each of

those payments.

Get out my virtual TI-85.

Let's see, so the present value of the $20 payment is

$20, plus the present value of the $50 payment.

Well that's just 50 divided by 1.05, plus the present value

of our $35 payment.

35 divided by-- and it's 2 years out, so we discount by

our discount rate twice-- so it's divided by 1.05 squared.

And then that is equal to-- we'll round it-- $99.37.

So now we can make a very good comparison

between the three options.

This might have been confusing before.

You know, you have this guy coming up to you.

And this guy is usually in the form of some type of

retirement plan or insurance company, where they say, hey,

you pay me this for years a, b, and c, and I'll pay you

that in years b, c, and d.

And you're like, boy, how do I compare if that's really a

good value?

Well this is how you compare it.

You present value all of the payments and you say well what

is that worth to me today.

And here we did that.

We said well actually choice number one is the best deal.

And it just depended on how the mathematics work out.

If I lowered the discount rate, if this discount rate is

lower, it might have changed the outcomes.

And maybe I'll actually do that in the next video, just

to show you how important the discount rate is.

Anyway I'm out of time, and I'll see

you in the next video.