Six years ago,

I discovered something that scientists have been wanting to know for years.

How do you capture the attention

of a roomful of extremely bored teenagers?

It turns out all you have to do is mention the word pornography.

(Laughter)

Let me tell you how I first learned this.

In 2012, I was sitting in a crowded room full of high school students

who were attending an after-school program in Boston.

And my job, as guest speaker for the day,

was to inspire them to think about how exciting it would be

to have a career in public health.

The problem was,

as I looked at their faces,

I could see that their eyes were glazing over,

and they were just tuning out.

It didn't even matter that I wore

what I thought was my cool outfit that day.

I was just losing my audience.

So, then one of the two adults who worked for the program said,

"Aren't you doing some research about pornography?

Maybe tell them about that."

All of a sudden, that room full of high school students exploded

into laughter, high fives.

I think there were some loud hooting noises.

And all anyone had done was say that one word -- pornography.

That moment would prove to be an important turning point

for me and my professional mission of finding solutions

to end dating and sexual violence.

At that point, I'd been working for more than a decade

on this seemingly intractable problem of dating violence.

Data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

demonstrate that one in five high school-attending youth

experience physical and/or sexual abuse

by a dating partner each year in the US.

That makes dating violence more prevalent

than being bullied on school property,

seriously considering suicide,

or even vaping,

in that same population.

But solutions were proving elusive.

And I was working with a research team

that was hunting for novel answers to the question:

What's causing dating abuse, and how do we stop it?

One of the research studies that we were working on at the time

happened to include a few questions about pornography.

And something unexpected was emerging from our findings.

Eleven percent of the teen girls in our sample

reported that they had been forced or threatened

to do sexual things that the perpetrator saw in pornography.

That got me curious.

Was pornography to blame for any percentage of dating violence?

Or was it more like a coincidence that the pornography users

also happen to be more likely to be in unhealthy relationships?

I investigated by reading everything that I could

from the peer-reviewed literature,

and by conducting my own research.

I wanted to know

what kinds of sexually explicit media youth were watching,

and how often and why,

and see if I could piece together

if it was part of the reason that for so many of them

dating relationships were apparently unhealthy.

As I read, I tried to keep an open mind,

even though there were plenty of members of the public

who'd already made up their mind about the issue.

Why would I keep an open mind about pornography?

Well, I'm a trained social scientist,

so it's my job to be objective.

But I'm also what people call sex-positive.

That means that I fully support people's right

to enjoy whatever kind of sex life and sexuality they find fulfilling,

no matter what it involves,

as long as it includes the enthusiastic consent

of all parties involved.

That said, I personally wasn't inclined towards watching pornography.

I'd seen some, didn't really do anything for me.

And as a mom of two soon-to-be teenage children,

I had my own concerns

about what seeing pornography could do to them.

I noticed that while there were a lot of people

who were denouncing pornography,

there were also people who were staunch defenders of it

for a variety of reasons.

So in my scholarly exploration,

I genuinely tried to understand:

Was pornography bad for you or was it good for you?

Was it misogynist or was it empowering?

And there was not one singular answer that emerged clearly.

There was one longitudinal study that had me really worried,

that showed that teenagers who saw pornography

were subsequently more likely to perpetrate sexual violence.

But the design of the study

didn't allow for definitive causal conclusions.

And there were other studies that did not find

that adolescent pornography use

was associated with certain negative outcomes.

Even though there were other studies that did find that.

But as I spoke to other experts,

I felt tremendous pressure to pick a side about pornography.

Join one team or the other.

I was even told that it was weak-minded of me

not to be able to pick out the one correct answer about pornography.

And it was complicated,

because there is an industry

that is capitalizing off of audience's fascination

with seeing women, in particular, not just having sex,

but being chocked, gagged, slapped,

spit upon, ejaculated upon,

called degrading names over and over during sex,

and not always clearly with their consent.

Most people would agree that we have a serious problem

with misogyny, sexual violence and rape in this country,

and pornography probably isn't helping with any of that.

And a critically important problem to me was that

for more than a century,

the anti-pornography position had been used as a pretext

for discriminating against gays and lesbians

or people who have kinks or have fetishes.

So I could see why, on the one hand,

we might be very worried about the messages that pornography is sending,

and on the other hand,

why we might be really worried about going overboard indicting it.

For the next two years,

I looked into every scary, horrifying claim that I could find

about the average age at which people first see pornography,

or what it does to their brains or their sexuality.

Here's what I have to report back.

The free, online, mainstream pornography,

that's the kind that teenagers are most likely to see,

is a completely terrible form of sex education.

(Laughter)

(Applause)

But that's not what it was intended for.

And it probably is not instantly poisoning their minds

or turning them into compulsive users,

the way that some ideologues would have you believe.

It's a rare person who doesn't see some pornography in their youth.

By the time they're 18 years old,

93 percent of first year college males and 62 percent of females

have seen pornography at least once.

And though people like to say

that the internet has made pornography ubiquitous,

or basically guarantees that any young child

who's handed a smartphone is definitely going to see pornography,

data don't really support that.

A nationally representative study found that in the year 2000

16 percent of 10-to-13-year-old youth

reported that they'd seen pornography in the past year.

And by 2010, that figure had increased.

But only to 30 percent.

So it wasn't everybody.

Our problems with adolescents and sexual violence perpetration

is not only because of pornography.

In fact, a recent study

found that adolescents are more likely to see sexualized images

in other kinds of media besides pornography.

Think about all those sexualized video games,

or TV shows, or music videos.

And it could be exposure to a steady stream of violent media

that instead of or in addition to the sexualized images

is causing our problems.

By focusing on the potential harms of pornography alone,

we may be distracting ourselves from bigger issues.

Or missing root causes of dating and sexual violence,

which are the true public health crises.

That said, even my own research

demonstrates that adolescents are turning to pornography

for education and information about sex.

And that's because they can't find

reliable and factual information elsewhere.

Less than 50 percent of the states in the United States

require that sex education be taught in schools,

including how to prevent coerced sex.

And less than half of those states

require that the information presented be medically accurate.

So in that Boston after-school program,

those kids really wanted to talk about sex,

and they really wanted to talk about pornography.

And they wanted to talk about those things

a whole lot more than they wanted to talk about dating or sexual violence.

So we realized,

we could cover all of the same topics that we might normally talk about

under the guise of healthy relationships education,

like, what's a definition of sexual consent?

Or, how do you know if you're hurting somebody during sex?

Or what are healthy boundaries to have when you're flirting?

All of these same things we could discuss

by using pornography as the jumping-off point

for our conversation.

It's sort of like when adults give kids a desert like brownies,

but they secretly baked a zucchini or something healthy inside of it.

(Laughter)

We could talk to the kids about the healthy stuff,

the stuff that's good for you,

but hide it inside a conversation that was about something

that they thought they wanted to be talking about.

We also discovered something

that we didn't necessarily set out to find,

which is that there's a fantastic way to have a conversation with teenagers

about pornography.

And that is,

keep the conversation true to science.

Admit what we know and what we don't know

about the impact of pornography.

Talk about where there are mixed results

or where there are weaknesses in the studies that have been conducted.

Invite the adolescents to become critical consumers

of the research literature on pornography,

as well as the pornography itself.

That really fits with adolescent development.

Adolescents like to question things

and they like to be invited to think for themselves.

And we realized by starting to experiment,

teaching some classes in consent, respect and pornography,

that trying to scare adolescents into a particular point of view

or jam a one-sided argument down their throat about pornography

not only probably does not work,

but really doesn't model the kind of respectful,

consensual behavior that we want them to learn.

So our approach, what we call pornography literacy,

is about presenting the truth about pornography

to the best of our knowledge,

given that there is an ever-changing evidence base.

When people hear that we teach a nine-session, 18-hour class

in pornography literacy to teenagers,

I think that they either think that we're sitting kids down

and trying to show them how to watch pornography,

which is not what we do,

or that we're part of an anti-pornography activist group

that's trying to convince them that if they ever saw pornography,

it would be the number one worst thing for their health ever.

And that's not it, either.

Our secret ingredient is that we're nonjudgmental.

We don't think that youth should be watching pornography.

But, above all, we want them to become critical thinkers

if and when they do see it.

And we've learned,

from the number of requests for our curriculum and our training,

from across the US and beyond,

that there are a lot of parents and a lot of teachers

who really do want to be having these more nuanced