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Hey there!
I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course
Theater, and today we're looking at two
very different models of radical, transformative
theater.
First, we'll head to Poland for Jerzy Grotowski's
Poor Theater.
Then, we'll zoom over to Brazil for Augusto
Boal's The Theater of the Oppressed.
These are pretty different movements: one
is mostly concerned with personal discovery
and the other is about creating broader social
change.
But both of them do away with theatrical conventions
like costumes and scenery.
They are even kind of meh on props.
Eh, but you're kinda like more of a “co-star.”
And both try to break down barriers between
actors and audiences, remaking the theater
as a space to create real and lasting change.
Let's rise up!
INTRO
Poor Theater was started by this guy, Jerzy
Grotowski.
He was born in Poland in 1933 and later educated
in Moscow at the Russian Academy of Theater
Arts.
In 1959, he settled in Opole in Poland and
began to work with a group of artists who
would form the Polish Laboratory Theater.
In the early 1980s, he left Poland, moving
first to America, where he taught at several
universities, and then to Italy.
Like Stanislavski, who was both a big influence
and a big rival , Grotowski was a charismatic
figure who tried to create a new style of
acting.
While Stanislavski's style is based in psychological
realism, Grotowski moved away from realism
and toward something more ritualistic and
elemental.
Grotowski's theater had two main phases.
Poor Theater was first.
The other, which he developed after 1970,
is called the Theater of Sources.
We'll mostly focus on Poor Theater, because
it was the more influential of the two and
because Grotowski compiled a very handy book
about it, “Towards a Poor Theater,” published
in 1968, that was widely influential.
If you have any interest in avant-garde theater,
it's definitely worth a read.
What is a poor theater?
Well—surprise!—it's the opposite of
a rich theater.
A rich theater doesn't have to be all that
rich.
It includes everything from glitzy multimillion-dollar
Broadway productions to amateur shows in church
basements.
What all rich theater has in common, though,
is lights and make-up and costumes and sets.
It is deliberately illusionistic.
The poor theater has none of that!
Not a single rotating gobo.
Instead, it relies on the power of the actor
to convey character and setting.
Grotowski writes:
“One must ask oneself what is indispensable
to theatre.
Let's see.
“Can the theatre exist without costumes
and sets?
Yes, it can.
“Can it exist without music to accompany
the plot?
Yes.
“Can it exist without lighting effects?
Of course.
“And without a text?
Yes.”
Why exist without all this stuff?
A couple of reasons.
One of them is that Grotowski realized that
theater was in competition with film and television.
And if illusionism was what you were after,
then film and television were going to do
a way, way better job delivering it.
But what film and television can't do, Grotowski
reasoned, is to tap back into theater's
origins in ritual and myth.
Maybe you're thinking, hey, that sounds
like Artaud.
And you're not wrong, although, as you maybe
remember from our earlier episode, Artaud
had no problem with big splashy effects.
Aaah!
So many frogs, scorpions and jets of blood!
Another reason for poor theater is that Grotowski
wanted to eliminate the separation between
the actors and the audience.
If spectators don't get to have fancy wigs
and spotlights, then neither should the actors!
In most of Grotowski's productions, the
audience mingled with the actors or surrounded
the actors on all sides, so that they everyone
occupied the playing space.
The performers were constantly exposed and
unmiked.
Grotowski and his actors would spend years
rehearsing productions, refining every movement,
every breath, every facial expression.
And yet actors still described a feeling of
intense spontaneity and emotional connection
to the work.
Maja Komorowska, an actor in the company,
said it was a “precise, meticulous composition,
but there wasn't the slightest sign of artificiality…
This explosion, an eruption of emotion and
truth—[it] was no longer merely theater."
Grotowski believed that a role should “penetrate”
the actor.
That's his word—well, except he said it
in Polish.
Grotowski's method required that an actor
open themselves to the role completely.
Ryszard Cieślak, for many years his lead
actor, said of Grotowski's style, “It
is anyhow impossible to treat it in merely
artistic terms.
It resulted in my fundamental transformation,
not only as an actor, but also as a human
being.”
You might say this all sounds kinda… religious.
And you're not wrong.
Director Peter Brook, who observed Grotowski
at work, considered Grotowski an example of
holy or sacred theater.
Brook called this style of acting, an “act
of sacrifice, of sacrificing what most men
prefer to hide—this sacrifice is his gift
to the spectator.”
Brook wrote that in Grotowski's poor theater,
actors give up everything except for the power
of their own bodies and unlimited rehearsal
time to bring those bodies to the role: “No
wonder they feel the richest theatre in the
world.”
… GET IT?
Richest Theater?
For a closer look at Grotowski's methods
and style, let's explore one of his most
famous and —fair warning—most disturbing
works, “Akropolis.”
“Akropolis,” first performed in 1962,
was based on a long 1904 poetic drama by Stanisław
Wyspianski.
A shout-out to Western culture and a call
for Polish national pride, it describes how
statues, tapestries, and carvings come to
life in a Krakow cathedral on the night before
Easter.
But Grotowski transferred the setting to Auschwitz,
not all that far away from his theater in
Opole, and created a piece asking if culture
could matter at all after an event like the
Holocaust.
Help us out, ThoughtBubble:
[[[Hi.
I know this will be disturbing to animate,
but all of Poor Theater is disturbing.
You can watch clips of the Peter Brook documentation
of Akropolis, if that helps.
And I know we can do this sensitively.]]]
The audience is seated on all four sides of
the space.
In the middle is a junk heap—pipes, nails,
a rusting bathtub.
Above the heap is a web of ropes, a little
like barbed wire.
This is a concentration camp.
At the beginning of the play, an actor drags
in a headless dummy and delivers a prologue.
Then the other actors, dressed identically
in tunics, berets, and heavy wooden-soled
shoes, enter.
Their faces are frozen into grimaces.
Grotowski called these facial expressions
“life masks.”
One observer wrote that their eyes actually
look dead.
They speak like a Greek chorus:
CHORUS:
Only once a year,
They come only once a year
On the cemetery of the tribes.
A SINGLE VOICE:
Our Acropolis.
CHORUS:
They read the words of judgment
On the cemetery of the tribes.
They're gone and the smoke lingers on.
Two actors become angels, and they suspend
the headless dummy from the ropes in a pose
like the crucified Christ.
A violin plays, and several of the actors
begin to work with materials from the junk
heap.
They are building the crematorium where the
prisoners will be burnt.
Three of the actors step out.
Two become guards, and the third is a prisoner
whom they interrogate and torture.
There is more work on the junk pile, an unhappy
sex scene between a man and a woman, and then
the retelling of the biblical story of Jacob.
The crematorium is completed; the action shifts
to Troy.
There is a scene between Paris and Helen.
One prisoner steps out to become King David,
and he addresses a speech to God that ends
in a wild song.
And the dummy is lifted overhead, an image
of a dead, starved prisoner.
One by one, the actors throw themselves into
a pit.
Thanks, ThoughtBubble.
That whole thing took fifty minutes, and at
the end, the audience was usually too upset
to applaud..
By 1970, Grotowski figured he'd gone about
as far as he could go in perfecting the work
of the actor.
So he turned to eliminating the divide between
actor and audience, creating “a meeting,
not a confrontation; a communion where we
can be totally ourselves.”
He also undertook an extensive study of ritual
performance in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean:
the Theater of Sources.
He died in 1999.
Let's turn to another theatermaker interested
in blurring boundaries between actor and audience.
That would be this guy, Augusto Boal, born
in Brazil in 1931.
Initially he studied chemical engineering,
but while he was a student at Columbia University,
he was introduced to the theories of Brecht
and Stanislavski.
Later on, he was also profoundly influenced
by the educator Paolo Freire, who pioneered
the “Pedagogy of the Oppressed,” a nonhierarchical
educational method.
Returning to Brazil, Boal began to direct
plays at the Arena Theater.
First classics and then plays written by Brazilian
playwrights.
He toured his plays to poor neighborhoods.
These plays often ended with actors asking
their audience to rise above oppression.
But Boal began to think that, instead of just
talking to audiences, he should be listening
to them and empowering them.
As his practices evolved, he encouraged audiences
to talk back to the action—you can see the
influence of Brecht here—and to suggest
new actions for the characters.
Legend has it that, during one performance,
a female audience member couldn't make an
actor understand her suggestion.
So she stepped onstage and performed the action
herself.
This birthed the idea of the spect-actor.
[[[Yorick flies in wearing spectacles.]]]
No, no, no.
The spect-actor is part spectator and part
actor and all awesome.
Unlike those glasses.
Get out of here.
This method eventually became known as Forum
Theater.
A Forum Theater exercise begins with a short
scene centered on a social problem—sexism,
say, or racial discrimination.
After the scene concludes, it starts again.
And this time, spect-actors are invited to
interrupt the proceeding with their own actions.
A facilitator, usually called a “joker,”
monitors the performance.
The “joker” doesn't actually joke.
They make sure that each spect-actor is able
to complete his or her action, and then asks
the audience to evaluate the usefulness of
each proposed solution to the social problem.
If you are freaked out by participatory theater—if
your idea of theater is hiding in the dark
and ruffling your Playbill, perhaps at most
glaring carefully at someone unwrapping a
bit of candy in the dark—Theater of the
Oppressed is not for you!
Boal believed that encouraging audience members
to step onstage was a way of empowering them.
This meant showing them that they could take
action in their own lives if they felt that
they were experiencing injustice.
This didn't sit too well with Brazil's
military regime.
And in 1971, after a performance of Brecht's
“Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui,” Boal was
kidnapped, tortured, and eventually exiled.
Boal took his participatory show on the road,
eventually settling in Paris and continuing
to teach.
In 1979, he published his first book “Theater
of the Oppressed.”
He also pioneered another form of political
theater, “Invisible Theater,” which is
a kind of theater that the audience doesn't
even know is theater.
It could be happening anywhere, anytime—it
could be right behind you right now!
But probably not.
He re-relocated to Brazil in 1986, became
a city councilman, and pioneered a form known
as Legislative Theater.
In this form, citizens were encouraged to
participate in scenes that helped to identify
the social problems they were facing and to
brainstorm possible solutions.
Augusto Boal died in 2009.
Obviously, Grotowski and Boal were pretty
different dudes.
Grotowski expected actors to rehearse for
years.
Boal didn't need his spect-actors to rehearse
at all.
But both believed in theater as a means to
achieve something greater.
For Grotowski, that's a profound self-knowledge
and exploration of the human condition.
For Boal, that's the hope of true social
justice and solutions to endemic problems
discovered as a community.
CONCLUSION
Thanks for watching.
Next time, we'll make our first visit to
West Africa, studying intersections of theater
and ritual, and exploring Nigeria's influential
postcolonial theater with a closer look at
playwright Wole Soyinka.
Until then… curtain!
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Poor Unfortunate Theater: Crash Course Theater #48

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Pei-Yi Lin 2019 年 5 月 5 日 に公開

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