Name: ブッダとアショカクラッシュコース世界史 #6 (Buddha and Ashoka: Crash Course World History #6)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T04:40:33.000Z
Duration: 12 min 17 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

Hi, my name is John Green, you're watching Crash Course World History

関係詞節（制限と非制限）

and today we're going to talk about India, which is hard because:

I don't have time for you today, Me-From-the-Past,

B. When we study history we tend to study unified polities that we can label like "The

C. lead to labels that mask a lot of historical difference, like for instance "Europe," which

is such a weird and nebulous word that we don't even know what it means.

Plus D, no offense Europe, but there are not many histories more complex than India, and...

E. a lot of what we know about Indian history comes from British historians, who both used

and embodied the phrase "historical bias,"

all of which F. makes it very unfortunate that we only have 10 minutes. But we'll do

our best! Okay, we're gonna make this like Voldemort's soul and split up into eight parts.

Part 1: The Vedas. So as you no doubt remember, the Indus Valley was one of the earliest cradles

But that original civilization basically disappeared sometime after 1750 BCE.

Then there was a long period of Aryan migration, and by Aryans we do not meet like prehistoric

Nazis, we mean people from the Caucasus who migrated down into the Indo-Gag gig gag gi-

Stan, can you just spell it for me? Thank you.

We know about these Aryans primarily because they left behind religious texts, the earliest

The Vedas are also the earliest texts of what will come to be known as Hinduism, although

it wasn't known as Hinduism then. And they're responsible for tons of stuff, but we only

have 10 minutes so let's just cut to part 2, The Caste System.

The caste system is one of India's most enduring and fascinating institutions. Let us read

from one of the Vedas about Purusha, the universe-pervading spirit.

When they divided Purusha, in how many different portions did they arrange him? What became

of his mouth, what of his two arms? What were his two thighs and his two feet called?

His mouth became the Brahmin, his two arms were made into the (ksatriya); his two thighs

the vaisyas; from his two feet the shudra was born.

So this section gives a divine explanation for the caste system.

Brahmins -- who as Purusha's mouth speak (to the gods) are at the top.

Kshatriyas -- from Purusha's arms became the warriors, as you no doubt know if you've ever

Vaisyas -- the merchants and artisans who provide money for the priests and the warriors

Because everybody knows that the thighs are the money makers. And the Shudras -- are at

They're the feet, the laborers and farmers who are the foundation of the social order.

The caste system becomes much more complicated than this, but that basic division into 4

classes remains throughout much of Indian history.

In spite of the efforts of many reformers whom we'll be meeting in future episodes of

Crash Course. The Caste System is he foundation for another big concept in Hinduism, Part

Dharma is basically one's role in life and society and it is defined primarily by birth

The whole idea is explained nicely by this passage from the Baghavad Gita, where Krishna

"Having regard to your own duty also, you ought not to falter, for there is nothing

better for a Kshatriya than a righteous battle."

The Baghavad Gita is a section of a much larger epic poem the Mahabaratha which tells the

complicated and long story of a war between two kingdoms.

And we can really see how important dharma is in this passage because Krishna is basically

telling Arjuna that because he is a warrior, a Kshatriya, he must fight.

Even if he's bad at it, for instance if he gets killed, it's still preferable to not

living his dharma. It's better to be a bad warrior if you're a Kshatriya than to be the

Basically you're better off fulfilling your own dharma poorly than doing someone else's

That leads us to Part 4. Samsara, Moksha, and Karma -- There are both personal and social

Right, the social reason is obvious that dharma and caste combine for excellent social cohesion.

You get the exact right number of bakers and the exact right number of warriors. We could

stand in to implement this system in the United States, actually, where everyone knows we

suffer from a shortage of electrical engineers and a surplus of people who want to be on

That would not have happen in ancient India. But, say that your dharma is to scoop animal

Why do you keep doing that when you see other lives that at least appear to be far more

fulfilling? That leads us to the concept of Samsara, or the cycle of rebirth often called

The basic idea is that when you die your soul is transferred to another living thing as

And if you fulfill your dharma, things improve and you get re-born into a higher being. You

don't have to scoop elephant dung anymore.

But the ultimate goal is not to be re-born as a Brahmin. The ultimate goal is to be released

from the merry-go-round altogether. And that release is called moksha.

The law that holds all this together is Karma which is summarized really nicely in the Aranyaka

The doer of good becomes good. The doer of evil becomes evil. One becomes virtuous by

The Upanishads, by the way, are later religious texts that began as commentaries on the Vedas,

but later became sacred writings in their own right.

This is a great way to organize a social order from top to bottom. Everyone has a role, and,

because that role has a religious dimension, society stays in balance.

But as a religion, Hinduism has a problem, at least if you want to start an empire; Everyone's

The original Brahmins tried to set themselves up as political leaders, but Hinduism doesn't

really place a premium on worshippers obeying their leaders.

And if you are a leader trying to make your subjects listen to you, that's kind of a bummer.

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ブッダとアショカクラッシュコース世界史 #6 (Buddha and Ashoka: Crash Course World History #6)

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