Name: 分断された島。ハイチとDRはいかにして二つの世界になったか (Divided island: How Haiti and the DR became two worlds)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:45:54.000Z
Duration: 15 min 52 s

I'm driving on the road that separates Haiti from the Dominican Republic.

僕は今ハイチとドミニカ共和国の
国境を走っている

It's the border that divides two very different countries.

２つのまったく異なる国を
この国境は分けている

If you're born in Haiti, you're 2.5 times more likely to die

ハイチで生まれる子供は2.5倍、
ドミニカよりも死亡率が高い

ここに来たのは、
この1つの島にある２つの国が
なぜこれほど異なるのかを知るためだ

you can expect to have a much shorter life.

一方は貧しく政治が不安定で、
もう片方は少しお金持ちで安定している

この異なる世界を
どう生み出したのだろう？

countries that share this one island can be so different, with a politically

僕の冒険はここハイチ南部の
沿岸村から始まる

volatile and impoverished Haiti on one side and the stable and relatively rich

ハイチの商人、ほとんどは女性が、
夜の出航にむけて準備をしている

船に乗る女性たちには
１つの目的がある

How did this line produce two totally different worlds?

ドミニカの国境にいき市場で商品を
売買し村に戻ってくるのだ

My journey starts here, at this beach village in southern Haiti, where Haitian

merchants, most of them women, are preparing for a nighttime boat ride.

僕らはこの船に乗り込んだ
なぜなら、山間の地域は移動できないからだ

The women boarding this boat have one goal: to make it to the border where they will

この使い古した木製の船は週に２回の航海を
１０年に渡って繰り返している

be let into a Dominican market, to buy and sell goods before returning to their villages.

しかしながら その流れは
めちゃくちゃで いいかげんだ

It's international trade at its most informal. We're taking these boats

because the next door mountain range makes the land journey almost impossible.

モノを運ぶ時のこういった意欲や
時間、努力というのは、

These worn-out wooden boats have been making this exact journey twice per week

ほとんどの国ではこういった船の
積み荷の形で行われている

for decades and yet the process remains chaotic and unorganized as if it's

７時間の航海を経て
午前４時ごろ国境についた

日は昇り、
僕らは市場へ歩いた

All of this energy, time, and effort all to transport

この市場は国境の真上に作られている

a handful of goods that, in most countries, would be shipped in bulk

両国間の協定のもと、
商人たちに対等な立場で売買させている

ここに着いてすぐに、
僕はそうでは ないことに気が付いた

We make this seven-hour journey to the border town arriving around, 4 am.

さて今僕は国境を渡ろうとしているんだけど

The sun rises and we walk to the border market. This market was established right on the border

見てわかる通り
ドミニカ人はもう準備しているみたいだ

as a partnership between the two nations, to give vendors from both sides

これが、ハイチ人の不満の１つだ

a place to buy and sell on equal footing.

彼らはこちら側で詰まっていて

As we approach the border I quickly realize that's not what's happening here.

国境を渡れるようになるのを待っている

So I'm looking across the border right now,

そして国境警備隊は
遅らせているんだ

into the market and you can see that Dominicans are already setting up.

その間にドミニカ人は
いい場所を取るんだ

This is one of the big complaints of the Haitians: they're stuck on this side

あの人たちはちゃんとした扱いを
私たちには絶対にしてくれないわ

waiting to cross the border and the border guards are just delaying it and

ほら、ドミニカ人はハイチ人が嫌いだから

meanwhile the Dominicans are able to set up and get the best spots.

ハイチ人は遠いところから
ボートでヘトヘトになってやってきて、

These Haitians come from miles away on this grueling boat journey, that I know now firsthand

僕が直に味わったよ
本当にきつい

is very grueling, and they get to the border and the guards stop them for no reason.

そして国境にやってきて
理由もなく警備隊に待たされる

They're supposed to open it up for everyone at the same time.

本来は同時に開かれるはずなんだ

The guards keep the Haitian women from crossing, not letting anyone know how

なんでか知らないわ
でも入れてくれないのよ

long it will be. The tension grows and then finally, hours after the Dominicans

警備隊はハイチ人を渡らせない
どれくらいかかるかも教えてくれない

were allowed to enter, the guards open up the bridge.

They buy and sell for the day, before returning to the boats to make the journey home.

The grueling boat journey, the senseless discrimination, it embodies the asymmetry that exists on this island.

既にドミニカ人が
数時間前に入った後で、

Watching it happen, it's impossible not to ask how it got like this.

There are a few key things that explain how this island produced two very different countries, but if you want to get at the very root of it you have to go back to when this island was owned by two European powers: France and Spain.

This island is actually the first place that Christopher Columbus set up a colony in the new world on his first voyage back in like 1490.

それからまた船に乗って
村に戻る

France wanted a piece of this island because it was rich in resources like sugar and coffee, so they fought a war with the Spanish and ended up splitting the island in two: one side would be the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo and the other side would be the French colony, with the same name, Saint-Domingue, just in French.

And that is the most important part of understanding this whole thing, is how these imperial powers treated their colonial posessions.

この島の不均衡さを
具現化している

They brought in tons of slaves and they were interested in making Saint-Domingue solely an economic producer.

起きている状況を見ると、
「どうしてこうなってしまったの？」
と尋ねずにはいられません

They destroyed the soil from aggressively harvesting the same crop year after year, and they created a group of very resentful, overworked, and abused slaves that eventually rebelled.

この島に２つの状況が生まれた理由を理解するには、
いくつかのポイントがあります。

もしきっかけを知りたければ、

After establishing domination on this island by massacring the indigenous population, they didn't exploit it like the French did.

Instead they went to places like Mexico and Peru, to look for gold.

この島が２つの強力な国に
支配されていた時です

So they didn't bring nearly as many slaves onto this island, and as a result they weren't nearly as profitable a colony.

Instead, the Spanish integrated with the remaining indigenous population, by recognizing the native leader's authority and intermarrying with the locals.

この島は実はコロンブスが初めて
植民地にした新世界の島なんです

The result was a smaller and more racially mixed population, with a sustainable economy and a political system, something totally absent from France's colony.

最初の航行の時の
1490年くらいのことです。

This becomes really important in the early 1800s, when independence comes around.

フランスも欲しがっていました

Haiti declares independence, fights off the French, and basically declares itself the first black, former slave republic in the world.

なぜなら砂糖やコーヒーなどの
資源が豊かだったからです

They do so with very little framework for a society and for a government and they also do so with land that has been exploited, year after year, with the same crop which basically destroys the fertility of the land.

そこで戦争が起きて
最後には島を２つに分けたのです

And to add to all of that, because they were this first black Republic, the world essentially isolated them.

一方はスペイン領のサント・ドミンゴ

The United States didn't want to recognize the independence of a black nation.

もう一方はフランス領で同じ名前の
サン・ドメン…フランス語です

They thought it might become a slave empire and seek revenge.

次が、
すべてを理解するのにとても重要です

The French showed up on Haitian shores soon after independence, and said you owe us a debt for all of the assets that you stole from us when you became independent, all these economic assets, you owe us that debt and you have to pay it over the next thirty years.

この２つの帝国が
どのように植民地を扱ったのか、です。

This crippling debt Haiti did pay back over years, but it really hampered their development.

フランスは搾取しました
沢山の奴隷を生み出し、

This history doesn't exonerate the dictators and corrupt politicians that have plagued Haiti's development since its independence, but it helps explain them.

彼らはサン・ドメンを
経済的な生産者にしたかったのです

Suffocating embargoes and the independence debt, as well as the lack of any tradition or investment in governmental institutions, guaranteed Haiti's failure from the moment it was born, and a racist world made sure of it.

彼らは毎年同じ作物を育てさせ
土壌をダメにしました

That racism isn't just embedded into Haiti's history, it is in fact very alive today.

そして過度に働かせ虐待したことによって
反逆グループを生み出し、

As I drive up the border, by coincidence my driver is also a Dominican border patrol official.

We have hours in the car, where he slowly and cautiously tells me about how immigration policy has changed in the Dominican Republic in recent years.

島の住人を大虐殺して
植民地化をした後に、

フランスのようには
搾取をしませんでした

He's talking about a policy of targeting anyone of Haitian descent, even citizens, rounding them up and deporting them.

その代わりメキシコやペルーへ
金を探しに行きました

だから ほとんど奴隷を作りませんでした

sentiment in the Dominican Republic, usually resulting in racist violence,

結果、利益を出す
植民地ではありませんでした

but since 2010, that sentiment has been seeping into legislation. The Dominican

その代わり、スペイン人は
残された島の住人を巻き込みました

Constitution that was drafted in 1929, says that anyone born in the country is

その土地の指導者をリーダーとして認め、
さらにスペイン人と結婚もしていました。

automatically a citizen, even if your parents were undocumented immigrants.

結果、小さな民族が混ざり合った
住民になりました

This is the same in places like the United States, but the DR rewrote its

そしてちゃんと機能する経済と
政治システムもあります

constitution in 2010, to only give citizenship to those born on DR soil, to legal residents.

フランスの植民地には
まったく欠けている点です

Then, in 2013 the high court in the DR ruled that this new

1800年代にこれは非常に重要でした
この時代、独立運動が起きたのです

definition would be applied retroactively. All the way back to

ハイチは独立を宣言し、
フランスと戦います

1929, meaning any citizen who had been born in the DR to undocumented parents

実は世界初の黒人奴隷による
共和国だと力説しています

彼らはとても小さな社会と
政府の仕組みしか持っていませんでした

土地は何年にもわたって同じ作物を
育てたことによって痩せこけてしまいました

It is clearly an illegal act, it is an immoral act, it is a racist act by the

初めての黒人共和国ということで
世界は彼らを孤立させました

Dominican government. And it's happening because these people are black.

アメリカは彼らを
独立国とは認めませんでした

Dominican law said that if these stateless people wanted to stay in the

黒人の帝国が復讐を企んでいると
考えたのかもしれません

DR, they would have to go to a government office and put their name on this

フランスがハイチの独立後に海岸に現れ、
こう言いました

foreigner registry. The government gave these people one year to either get

『お前たちは独立した時に、
我々から資産を奪った借りがある』

their name on the registry or face deportation.

『その借りを３０年以内に
返還するように』

Over 55,000 have been officially deported since the June 2015 deadline.

ハイチはこの膨大な負債を返しました
しかしこれが発展を邪魔しました

The UN estimates that 128,000 people have voluntarily fled to Haiti,

ハイチは独立国家ですから、
独裁者や汚職政治家を追放するような
歴史はありません

a country many of them have never lived in. Some came here to this camp on the

しかしこういった歴史によって
説明ができます

border, where they've been living in limbo for years.

通商禁止、独立負債だけでなく、伝統がないことや、
政府機関の資金が少なかったことは、

The moment I cross into the DR, I start to see what this crackdown looks like.

国が誕生すると同時に、
ハイチが失敗することを決定づけていました

On a 75km bus ride, we pass eight security checkpoints in which security

それに人種差別的な世界が
それを確かにしました

personnel board the bus, to eye who was on it, and in some cases check papers.

レイシズムはただハイチの歴史に残っている
だけではなく、現在も続いています

But each time we stop, they seem to only check the papers of the same few passengers.

車で国境を走っている時、
ドライバーは偶然にもドミニカの警備員でした

字幕リスト動画再生

分断された島。ハイチとDRはいかにして二つの世界になったか (Divided island: How Haiti and the DR became two worlds)

approach

basically

progress

journey