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  • Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

    翻訳: Mami Kawade 校正: Ayumi Narita

  • I always wanted to become a walking laboratory of social engagement:

    いつも思っていました

  • to resonate other people's feelings, thoughts, intentions, motivations,

    社会につながる活動を 実地に研究し

  • in the act of being with them.

    人々に寄り添い その感情や思考-

  • As a scientist, I always wanted to measure that resonance,

    意思 欲求に共感したいと

  • that sense of the other that happens so quickly,

    科学者としては ずっと その共感を測定したいと願っていました

  • in the blink of an eye.

    「他者と共にいる」という-

  • We intuit other people's feelings;

    瞬時に生まれる感覚

  • we know the meaning of their actions even before they happen.

    人の気持ちは直感でわかります

  • We're always in this stance

    人の行為の意味は

  • of being the object of somebody else's subjectivity.

    あらかじめ わかってしまいます

  • We do that all the time. We just can't shake it off.

    我々は常に

  • It's so important that the very tools we use to understand ourselves,

    他者の主観の対象という立場に置かれています

  • to understand the world around us,

    途切れることなく 避けることもできません

  • are shaped by that stance.

    大変重要なことで

  • We are social to the core.

    自分や周りの世界を-

  • So my journey in autism really started

    理解する手段はまさにその立場から形づくられます

  • when I lived in a residential unit for adults with autism.

    人は 骨の髄まで 社会的です

  • Most of those individuals had spent most of their lives

    自閉症の探求の出発点は

  • in long-stay hospitals.

    成人の自閉症者用の施設でした

  • This is a long time ago.

    昔の事ですが そこの人達は

  • And for them, autism was devastating.

    人生の大半を 病院で過ごしてきた人ばかり

  • They had profound intellectual disabilities.

    彼らにとって 自閉症は 災いでした

  • They didn't talk.

    深刻な知的障害を持ち

  • But most of all,

    口も利けない でも最悪なのは-

  • they were extraordinarily isolated from the world around them,

    極めて孤立していたこと

  • from their environment

    自分たちを取り巻く 世界や環境や

  • and from the people.

    人から孤立しているのです

  • In fact, at the time, if you walked into a school

    当時の自閉症者の学校は

  • for individuals with autism,

    騒がしく 落ち着きがなくて

  • you'd hear a lot of noise,

    何かしている人がいても その人達は決まって

  • plenty of commotion, actions, people doing things.

    独りぼっちでした

  • But they're always doing things by themselves.

    天井の照明を見つめたり

  • So they may be looking at a light in the ceiling,

    部屋の隅に引きこもったり

  • or they may be isolated in the corner,

    何の意味もない 自己刺激運動を

  • or they might be engaged in these repetitive movements,

    延々と繰り返すのに 夢中だったり

  • in self-stimulatory movements that led them nowhere.

    非常に根の深い孤立です

  • Extremely, extremely isolated.

    自閉症とは このように

  • Well, now we know that autism is this disruption,

    他者への共感が 断絶した状態だと

  • the disruption of this resonance that I am telling you about.

    今は分かっています

  • These are survival skills.

    共感は 数十万年の

  • These are survival skills that we inherited

    進化の歴史の中で

  • over many, many hundreds of thousands of years of evolution.

    人類が受け継いできた

  • You see, babies are born in a state of utter fragility.

    生存の為の知恵です

  • Without the caregiver, they wouldn't survive,

    赤ん坊は無力なので 生き延びるには 誰かに-

  • so it stands to reason that nature would endow them

    世話をしてもらいます

  • with these mechanisms of survival.

    彼らに共感能力が

  • They orient to the caregiver.

    あるのは自然な事なのです

  • From the first days and weeks of life,

    赤ん坊は世話をする人の方を向きます

  • babies prefer to hear human sounds,

    産まれた日や最初の数週間から

  • rather than just sounds in the environment.

    ただの物音より 人の立てる音を

  • They prefer to look at people rather than at things,

    好むのです

  • and even as they're looking at people, they look at people's eyes,

    彼らは物よりも

  • because the eye is the window to the other person's experiences,

    人を見るのを好み

  • so much so that they even prefer to look at people

    特に人の目を見つめます

  • who are looking at them rather than people who are looking away.

    目は 他人の経験に通じる 窓だからです

  • Well, they orient to the caregiver.

    だから 彼らは

  • The caregiver seeks the baby.

    自分を見ている人の事を 見るのです

  • And it's out of this mutually reinforcing choreography

    世話をする人を

  • that a lot that is of importance to the emergence of mind --

    その逆も言えます

  • the social mind, the social brain -- depends on.

    互いに与えあう このダンスこそ

  • We always think about autism

    社会的な精神 頭脳が

  • as something that happens later on in life.

    誕生するのに 極めて重要な事なのです

  • It doesn't; it begins with the beginning of life.

    自閉症は

  • As babies engage with caregivers, they soon realize that, well,

    もっと大きくなってから発症するものと 考えられてきましたが

  • there is something between the ears that is very important --

    それは間違いです 生まれつきのものなのです

  • it's invisible, you can't see it, but it's really critical.

    世話をする人と交流し 赤ん坊は気付く

  • And that thing is called attention.

    「両耳の間には何かがあるな」

  • And they learn soon enough,

    重要なもの

  • even before they can utter one word,

    目には見えないが とても大事なもの

  • that they can take that attention and move somewhere

    「注目」です

  • in order to get things they want.

    赤ん坊はたちどころに学びます

  • They also learn to follow other people's gazes,

    言葉を話す前から

  • because whatever people are looking at is what they are thinking about.

    欲しいものを得るには この「注目」をとらえて動かせばいいのです

  • And soon enough, they start to learn about the meaning of things,

    人の視線を追う事も学ぶ

  • because when somebody is looking at something

    人が見る物 それは

  • or somebody is pointing at something,

    頭に思い浮かべている物ですから

  • they're not just getting a directional cue.

    そしてすぐ 物の意味を

  • They are getting the other person's meaning of that thing,

    学び始めます 何故なら 人は-

  • the attitude.

    何かを見たり指差す時

  • And soon enough, they start building this body of meanings,

    ただ方向を示すだけでなく

  • but meanings that were acquired within the realm of social interaction.

    その物が持つ意味を

  • Those are meanings that are acquired

    他人に対して示しているからです

  • as part of their shared experiences with others.

    赤ん坊はすぐ この意味のシステムを築き始めます

  • Well, this is a 15-month-old little girl,

    でも 交流なしには

  • and she has autism.

    「意味」を学ぶことはできません

  • And I am coming so close to her that I am maybe two inches from her face,

    体験を共有して

  • and she's quite oblivious to me.

    初めて 物の「意味」を 学ぶ事ができるのです

  • Imagine if I did that to you, came two inches from your face.

    この小さな女の子は 1歳3カ月で

  • You'd do probably two things, wouldn't you?

    自閉症です

  • You would recoil. You would call the police.

    顔から5センチまで 近づいても

  • (Laughter)

    全然私に気付いていません

  • You would do something,

    もし5センチまで

  • because it's literally impossible to penetrate somebody's physical space

    顔を近づけられたらどうします?

  • and not get that reaction.

    たぶん 二つに一つ

  • We do so, remember, intuitively, effortlessly.

    後ずさりするか 警察を呼ぶか (笑)

  • This is our body wisdom;

    何かはするでしょう

  • it's not something mediated by our language.

    領域を侵されると 人は

  • Our body just knows that.

    必ず反応するのです

  • And we've known that for a long time.

    本能的に 自然に そうするのです

  • And this is not something that happens to humans only.

    これは体の働き

  • It happens to some of our phyletic cousins,

    言葉に関係なく 体はそう動くものです

  • because if you're a monkey, and you look at another monkey,

    ずっと昔からそうなのです

  • and that monkey has a higher hierarchy position than you,

    人間だけではありません

  • and that is considered to be a signal or threat,

    人間に近い動物たちもです

  • well, you are not going to be alive for long.

    あなたが猿で

  • So something that in other species are survival mechanisms,

    他の猿を見ていて

  • without which they wouldn't basically live,

    その猿があなたより 地位が高ければ

  • we bring into the context of human beings,

    合図 または威嚇とみなされ

  • and this is what we need to simply act, socially.

    あなたの命はそこまでです

  • Now, she is oblivious to me and I'm so close to her,

    他の動物にとっては不可欠の-

  • and you think, maybe she can see you,

    生き残る為の知恵ですが

  • maybe she can hear you.

    人間にとっては単に

  • Well, a few minutes later,

    社会的活動に必要な事 というだけです

  • she goes to the corner of the room,

    こんな近くにいれば

  • and she finds a tiny little piece of candy, an M&M.

    私が見えたり

  • So I could not attract her attention,

    声が聞こえたりすると思います

  • but something -- a thing -- did.

    数分後 この子は

  • Now, most of us make a big dichotomy

    部屋の隅に行き ちっちゃなキャンディを見つけます

  • between the world of things and the world of people.

    彼女の「注意」は私には向かなくても

  • Now, for this girl, that division line is not so clear,

    何か物には向くのです

  • and the world of people is not attracting her

    ほとんどの人にとって

  • as much as we would like.

    「物の世界」と「人の世界」があります

  • Now, remember that we learn a great deal by sharing experiences.

    この子にとって その境界は 定かでなく

  • What she is doing right now is that her path of learning is diverging,

    人の世界に対する興味は 期待されるほど

  • moment by moment,

    強くありません

  • as she is isolating herself further and further.

    「体験の共有」を通じて

  • So we feel sometimes that the brain is deterministic,

    人は多くを学ぶことを思い出してください

  • the brain determines who we're going to be.

    彼女が今のように 自分の中に

  • But, in fact, the brain also becomes who we are,

    閉じこもれば閉じこもるほど

  • and at the same time that her behaviors are taking away

    学びの道からどんどん 外れていくのです

  • from the realm of social interaction,

    脳の将来の姿は決まっていて

  • this is what's happening with her mind,

    その脳がどんな人になるか決めると思いがちです

  • and this is what's happening with her brain.

    実は脳も私達自身になる

  • Well, autism is the most strongly genetic condition

    この子の行動が 社会的交流から

  • of all developmental disorders.

    切り離される時 精神や脳にも

  • And it's a brain disorder.

    そういう事が起こっているのです

  • It's a disorder that begins much prior to the time

    自閉症は あらゆる発達障害の中で 一番強く

  • that the child is born.

    遺伝的条件に支配されるものであり

  • We now know that there is a very broad spectrum of autism.

    脳の障害なのです

  • There are those individuals who are profoundly intellectually disabled

    子供が生まれるより

  • but there are those that are gifted.

    ずっと前から始まっています

  • There are those individuals who don't talk at all;

    自閉症スペクトラムは 幅広く

  • there are those individuals who talk too much.

    重い知的障害の人も

  • There are those individuals that if you observe them in their school,

    才能のある人もいます

  • you see them running the periphery fence all the school day if you let them,

    全く口を利かない人

  • to those individuals who cannot stop coming to you

    しゃべりすぎる人も

  • and trying to engage you repeatedly, relentlessly,

    止められなければ

  • but often in an awkward fashion,

    学校のフェンス沿いに一日中

  • without that immediate resonance.

    走っている人もいます

  • Well, this is much more prevalent than we thought at the time.

    人のところに来て

  • When I started in this field,

    繰り返し 執拗に

  • we thought there were four individuals with autism per 10,000 --

    気を惹こうとするけれど

  • a very rare condition.

    他人の心をはかり知ることができない人も います

  • Well, now we know it's more like one in 100.

    かつて思われたよりも症状を持つ人は ずっとたくさんいました

  • There are millions of individuals with autism all around us.

    この分野で働き始めたとき自閉症は稀で-

  • The societal cost of this condition is huge,

    1万人中4人程度だと

  • in the US alone, maybe 35 to 80 billion dollars.

    考えられていました

  • And you know what?

    現在の研究では 割合は100人中1人

  • Most of those funds are associated with adolescents and particularly adults

    数百万の自閉症者がいる 計算になります

  • who are severely disabled,

    関連する社会保障費は 莫大で

  • individuals who need wraparound services --

    米国だけで350~800億ドル

  • services that are very, very intensive.

    この費用の大半は

  • And those services can cost in excess of 60,000 to 80,000 dollars a year.

    深刻な障害を持ち

  • Those are individuals who did not benefit from early treatment,

    総合的で徹底的な

  • because now we know that autism creates itself

    ケアを必要とする

  • as individuals diverge in that pathway of learning that I mentioned to you.

    若者や大人のための

  • Were we to be able to identify this condition

    一年で6~8万ドルかかる ケアです

  • at an earlier point, and intervene and treat --

    早期療育の恩恵にあずからなかった 人たちです

  • I can tell you, this has been probably something that has changed my life

    お話した通り 自閉症は 学習の道筋から