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  • At the heart of your phone, tablet and computer lies the microprocessor, a tiny chip home

  • to billions of transistors capable of processing an immense amount of information.

  • Without the microprocessor, modern technology could not exist, which is why this week well

  • be looking at the company that started it all, Intel.

  • December 23, 1947.

  • After two years of restless labor at Bell Laboratories, these three men stood in awe

  • of the transistor, their greatest invention.

  • The man in the middle was William Shockley, an entrepreneurial fellow who realized what

  • a fortune he could make from this new technology.

  • In 1956 he moved to the west coast, establishing the first silicon device company in what came

  • to be known as Silicon Valley.

  • He couldn’t convince any of his former colleagues at Bell Labs to leave with him and so he resorted

  • to hiring fresh university graduates.

  • In an ironic twist of fate, just one year later eight of his brightest employees got

  • together and left the company in the same way that he had left Bell Laboratories.

  • Under the patronage of industrialist Sherman Fairchild, theTraitorous Eight”, as

  • they were called, founded Fairchild Semiconductor.

  • Much to Shockley’s dismay, Fairchild became one of the leaders of the industry while his

  • own venture failed.

  • In 1959 one of the originalTraitorous Eight”, Robert Noyce, created the first

  • integrated circuit.

  • Like the transistor before, the integrated circuit was a technology with huge potential,

  • and he knew that.

  • In 1968 he left Fairchild to start his own company and he was joined by his colleague

  • and fellowtraitorGordon Moore, who had famously postulated Moore’s law.

  • To fund their venture they went to Arthur Rock, the acclaimed investor who had arranged

  • their original deal with Sherman Fairchild a decade earlier.

  • With $3 million of initial capital and the creative portmanteau of integrated electronics,

  • Noyce and Moore founded Intel on July 18, 1968.

  • Behind their venture was the ambitious plan to build large-scale integrated semiconductor

  • memories.

  • Back then, they were ten times more expensive than standard magnetic core memories, which

  • were much slower and less efficient.

  • Nine months after its creation, Intel had developed its first product: the 3101 Schottky

  • bipolar memory.

  • It was the world’s first solid state memory device and it was capable of storing a whopping

  • 64 bits.

  • One year later, Intel became pioneers in dynamic random access memory, or DRAM, by creating

  • the first commercially available DRAM chip, the 1103.

  • Its success marked the beginning of the end for magnetic memory and established DRAM as

  • the primary storage medium of modern computers.

  • Intel’s reputation grew quickly, and not just in the United States.

  • A Japanese calculator company called Busicom had reached out to Intel in 1969 with a request

  • to build integrated circuits for their calculators.

  • While working on this project, Intel engineer Ted Hoff figured out a way to build a central

  • processing unit onto a single chip.

  • By cramming 2,300 transistors onto a one-eighth- by one-sixth-inch chip, Hoff’s invention

  • had the same power as the ENIAC computer that was the size of a room.

  • Intel had unwittingly stumbled upon the foundation of modern computing, the microprocessor.

  • They called it the 4004 and started selling it in 1971.

  • A year later, Intel unveiled the 8008, an 8-bit microprocessor.

  • Intel’s first general-purpose microprocessor, the 8080, came in 1974 and it essentially

  • became the industry standard, finding its way into almost every cash register, calculator

  • and traffic light of its day.

  • Interestingly enough, the 8080 was designed for almost everything except computers.

  • At the time, computers were manufactured entirely in-house, with a single company building its

  • own terminals, compilers, and operating systems.

  • The 8080, however, became so popular that the manufacturers, starting with Hewlett Packard,

  • eventually began designing their systems around it.

  • In 1978 Intel released the 8086, a 16-bit processor that would eventually become Intel’s

  • saving grace.

  • Up until that point Intel’s revenues were coming almost entirely from their DRAM division,

  • but Japan’s rising semiconductor industry was quickly eating away at their profits.

  • Intel’s only way forward was microprocessors, and they went all in by partnering up with

  • IBM.

  • Weve already covered IBM in a previous video, but just to recap, in the early 1980s

  • IBM were struggling to catch up with the rise of the personal computer.

  • At first, IBM didn’t think PCs would be worth it to the average person, but once that

  • started happening anyway, IBM’s bureaucracy made developing their own PC a nightmare.

  • They ended up partnering with Intel for their processor and with Microsoft for their operating

  • system, which allowed them to develop their IBM PC in just under a year.

  • It was released in 1981 and it became the dominant personal computer of its time, establishing

  • Intel as the chief supplier of processors.

  • The IBM PC used a modified 8086 processor, and although IBM eventually lost the personal

  • computer market to cheap compatible copycats, Intel remained at the heart of every personal

  • computer made over the next decade.

  • The legacy of the 8086 remains to this day, as the vast majority of modern computers are

  • based on its derivative x86 architecture.

  • During the 1980s Intel emerged as the most profitable hardware supplier to the rising

  • PC industry.

  • They reached $1 billion of revenue in 1983, and the same amount as net income just nine

  • years later.

  • In 1993 Intel released the Pentium line, their fifth generation of processors.

  • For this generation Intel started building dedicated motherboards alongside its processors,

  • a move that kept them ahead of their competition and doubled their net income that year to

  • $2.3 billion.

  • Throughout the 90s Intel continued to develop more powerful processors, more or less in

  • accordance with Moore’s law.

  • In 1998 Intel branched out into the value-PC market by releasing the cheap, low-performance

  • Celeron line.

  • The new millennium, however, would be a much more difficult time for Intel.

  • The dot-com crash and fierce competition from AMD saw Intel fall below 80% market share

  • for the first time in decades.

  • The situation became so bad that in 2001 Intel’s profits had slumped by a stunning 87%.

  • By that point it became clear that racing to build faster and faster processors wasn’t

  • the way to go, especially when most people were using their computers just to read their

  • email or browse the web.

  • Intel shifted their focus accordingly, building a more efficient, less power-hungry line called

  • Centrino.

  • Released in 2003, the Centrino wasn’t actually a processor but a fully functional platform,

  • complete with a chipset and wireless network.

  • It worked extremely well on portable computers just around the time when laptops were finally

  • starting to take off, lifting Intel back to the top of the industry.

  • In line with their new philosophy, Intel began developing multi-core processors, releasing

  • their first dual-core in 2005.

  • In general, the past few generations have been split into three main categories based

  • on processing power: i3, i5, and i7.

  • Up until last year, Intel were operating on a “Tick-Tockmodel, where they either

  • shrink the size of the current microarchitecture to make it more efficient or release an entirely

  • new one every 18 months.

  • The performance of the last two generations hasn’t improved that much though, and Intel

  • have also attracted a lot of antitrust litigation.

  • In 2009 the European Union fined Intel more than one and a half billion dollars for bribing

  • computer manufacturers to use their processors.

  • Similar accusations have sprung up in the US, Japan and South Korea.

  • Despite the lawsuits, Intel’s business has been going great, and theyve been able

  • to branch out into various other tech markets, usually through acquisitions.

  • Among other things theyre working on solid-state drives, machine learning and autonomous vehicles.

  • Some of these projects are more successful than others, but it’s unlikely that theyll

  • be replacing Intel’s main microprocessor business any time soon.

  • Thanks for watching and a big thank you to all of our patrons for supporting this video!

  • Be sure to subscribe if you haven’t already and to check out the full Behind the Business

  • playlist for the interesting stories of other companies.

  • Once again, thanks a lot for watching, and as always: stay smart.

At the heart of your phone, tablet and computer lies the microprocessor, a tiny chip home

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インテル現代コンピュータのゴッドファーザー (Intel: The Godfather of Modern Computers)

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    gotony5614.me97 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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