Name: パメラ・ロナルド（UCデイビス） 第1部：持続可能な農業 (Pamela Ronald (UC Davis) Part 1: Sustainable agriculture)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T04:29:28.000Z
Duration: 25 min 5 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

Thank you for joining me today with iBioSeminars.

Today I'm going to talk about one of the most important issues of our time.

To introduce you to the subject, I'd like to start with a short video that was put together

by the University of Minnesota's Institute for the Environment.

How do we feed the world without destroying it?

This is the question that my husband, Raoul Adamchak, and I

Raoul is an organic farmer. Here he is at the UC Davis Student Farm,

He's been an organic farmer for 30 years, and we've had quite an opportunity

Some people believe that organic farmers and plant geneticists

represent opposite ends of the agricultural industry,

and some people think we might even not be able to talk to each other.

But, we can. And that's because we have the same goal --

how to create an ecologically-based agricultural system.

Still, many of our friends and family have asked us

if organic agriculture is enough to feed the world.

And they've also asked us, "Are genetically engineered crops

safe to eat and safe for the environment?"

So, in order to answer these questions, Raoul and I recently wrote a book together.

And, in the book, what we tried to do is to introduce the reader

and what a plant geneticist actually does.

So, we take the reader through some events of our days

and answer questions that come up on the topics of farming and food.

So, the first step was to establish criteria for more sustainable agriculture.

And, a sustainable agriculture rests on three pillars: social, economic, and environmental.

For social, it's important that communities have local food security,

and they must have access to abundant, safe, and nutritious food.

In order for an agriculture to be sustainable, the farmer must be able to sell their crops,

and the communities must be economically viable.

The food that's produced must be affordable to community members.

Environmental aspects are critically important, and one of the

goals of sustainable agriculture is to reduce harm to the environment,

reduce energy use, reduce soil erosion, and foster self-fertility.

We also want to minimize use of land and water, and this is very important

because today we have 4-fold reduced access to water,

compared to individuals 50 years ago, and we have very little arable land

It's also important that crop systems be genetically diverse,

both to reduce the possibility of disease outbreaks and also to foster beneficial insects.

Now, the USDA National Organic Program Standards really evolved in response

to the environmental aspects of conventional agricultural systems.

And I wanted to give you a couple examples of the power of farming practices

So, organic agriculture uses fewer pesticides than many conventional systems,

and one of the reasons is that the National Organic Program Standards

prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides.

This is my husband's farm at the UC Davis campus,

and you can see that he also uses a strategy of genetic diversity.

So, they plant many different types of crops,

and this will reduce harm from pests and disease.

Organic farms are 2x as energy efficient, and they have improved soil fertility,

primarily through the use of the addition of compost and crop rotation.

And as I mentioned, this genetic diversity also enhances microbial and insect diversity,

which is important to maintain these non-harmful insects in the field

because these insects will actually prey on pests that can harm the crops.

So, with all these benefits, many people ask,

"Is organic agriculture enough to feed the world?"

"Can we rest with the USDA National Organic Program Standards,

or are there reasons that we need to look towards the future?"

Now, organic agriculture, like all agricultural systems,

have problems with pests, diseases, and stresses.

And many of these are very difficult to control using organic methods.

Some pesticides used by organic farmers are not sustainable, in the sense that

even though they're not synthetic, some of these pesticides are highly toxic

Although the yields of an organic farm really depend on the farmer,

the crop, the particular year... so it's difficult to generalize

studies have shown that the yield is 45-100% of conventional systems,

depending on the particular crop and farmer and year.

Organic food is often more expensive than conventionally grown food,

and this can be a problem for low-income consumers.

So, I want to talk about the power of improved seed and discuss

whether modern genetic approaches can contribute to a sustainable agriculture.

In this slide, I wanted to give you a short history of agriculture and plant breeding.

It's estimated that 10,000 years ago, the first primitive domestication was carried out,

in wheat, rice, and corn. A few thousand years later,

the first grafting was carried out in 100 BC. Grafting is mixing two different species

onto one plant, so it's the first example of biotechnology.

Then, we can see, over the last 400 years, there have been many different advances

in plant genetics. So, for example, Gregor Mendel discovered the law of heredity

in 1866. In 1876, the first intergeneric crosses were carried out.

That is two very different species -- wheat and rye --

We also saw the beginning of mutation breeding. So what mutation breeding

is, and we still use it today, is you take a random chemical mutagen...

You take a chemical mutagen or radiation... you randomly mutagenize the entire genome.

So what that means is you're introducing changes to those genes.

And then, what a breeder will do is he'll sort through a lot of those seeds,

and then pick out those that have traits of interest.

So there won't be any information about the genes that have been changed,

The first recombinant DNA molecule was discovered in 1973.

And the first genetically engineered crop was engineered in 1993.

So, since that time, we've seen a vast growth

in the development of genetically-engineered crops

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パメラ・ロナルド（UCデイビス）第1部：持続可能な農業 (Pamela Ronald (UC Davis) Part 1: Sustainable agriculture)

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パメラ・ロナルド（UCデイビス） 第1部：持続可能な農業 (Pamela Ronald (UC Davis) Part 1: Sustainable agriculture)

entire

critical

improve

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パメラ・ロナルド（UCデイビス）第1部：持続可能な農業 (Pamela Ronald (UC Davis) Part 1: Sustainable agriculture)