Name: 哲学的思考実験 - 【TED-ED】マリーの部屋。哲学的思考実験 - エレノア・ネルセン (【TED-Ed】Mary's room: A philosophical thought experiment - Eleanor Nelsen)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T06:42:56.000Z
Duration: 4 min 52 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

Imagine a brilliant neuroscientist named Mary.

様態の副詞

and her screens only display  black and white.

But even though she has never seen color, Mary is an expert in color vision

and knows everything ever discovered about its physics and biology.

She knows how different  wavelengths of light

stimulate three types of cone cells in the retina,

travel down the optic nerve  into the brain.

There, they create patterns  of neural activity

that correspond to the millions of colors most humans can distinguish.

Mary's black and white screen malfunctions

she can experience something that she's known about for years.

Is there anything about perceiving color that wasn't captured in all her knowledge?

Philosopher Frank Jackson proposed this thought experiment,

He argued that if Mary already knew all the physical facts about color vision,

and experiencing color still teaches her something new,

then mental states, like color perception,

can't be completely described  by physical facts.

describes what philosophers call the knowledge argument,

that there are non-physical properties and knowledge

which can only be discovered through conscious experience.

The knowledge argument contradicts the theory of physicalism,

which says that everything,  including mental states,

it seems intuitively obvious  that actually seeing color

will be totally different  than learning about it.

Therefore, there must be some quality of color vision

that transcends its physical description.

The knowledge argument isn't just about color vision.

Mary's room uses color vision to represent conscious experience.

If physical science can't entirely explain color vision,

then maybe it can't entirely explain other conscious experiences either.

For instance, we could know every physical detail

about the structure and function of someone else's brain,

but still not understand what it feels like to be that person.

These ineffable experiences  have properties called qualia,

subjective qualities that you can't  accurately describe or measure.

Qualia are unique to the person experiencing them,

Physical facts can't completely explain mental states like this.

Philosophers interested in artificial intelligence

to theorize that recreating  a physical state

won't necessarily recreate a corresponding mental state.

building a computer which mimicked  the function of every single neuron of the human brain

won't necessarily create a conscious computerized brain.

Not all philosophers agree that the Mary's room experiment is useful.

Some argue that her extensive knowledge of color vision

would have allowed her to create the same mental state

The screen malfunction wouldn't show her anything new.

Others say that her knowledge was never complete in the first place

because it was based only on those physical facts

Jackson actually reversed his own stance on his thought experiment.

He decided that even  Mary's experience of seeing red

still does correspond to a measurable physical event in the brain,

not unknowable qualia beyond physical explanation.

But there still isn't a definitive answer

to the question of whether Mary would learn anything new when she sees the apple.

Could it be that there are fundamental limits to what we can know

And would this mean there are certain aspects of the universe

that lie permanently beyond our comprehension?

Or will science and philosophy allow us to overcome our mind's limitations?