No matter how carefully the words have been prepared,

you are never quite sure how they are gonna be delivered.

Yesterday, I was in London,

and I was watching one of my clients, who is a big Australian businessman,

deliver a speech that I'd written for him.

I'd written for him this passage, kind of with Winston Churchill in mind,

about how we've got to fight for our future,

fight to protect our position, fight our competitors.

And I'd forgotten about the Australian accent.

And I watched from the back of the room with horror as I saw him go,

"We've got to 'fart' for our future, 'fart' to protect our position,

and I'll tell you what, folks, when I wake up every morning,

there is one thing I know for sure I'm gonna do that day; 'fart'!"

(Laughter) (Applause)

So today I'm gonna share with you some speechwriter secrets.

I don't know whether you know this,

but there is a secret language of leadership;

a secret language of leadership that we all used to be taught at school.

Ancient rhetoric.

This was a core part of the curriculum in Ancient Rome, part of the trivium.

In London, right the way through to the 19th century,

it was possible to get a free education in rhetoric, but not in mathematics,

reflecting the importance that was placed on the topic.

Today, teaching in rhetoric is restricted; restricted to a powerful, privileged few.

So what I'm gonna do in my speech is revive this ancient art of rhetoric

and share with you six techniques so that you can all speak like leaders.

So right, okay, stop.

Right, stop listen.

Look left, look right, look center.

How are you feeling?

Distressed? Anxious? Little bit edgy?

That's because I'm mimicking, hyperventilating.

This is the authentic sound of fear,

and that fear transfers to you.

This is an ancient Roman rhetorical device;

they used to call it asyndeton.

And it's one leaders still use today.

So David Cameron uses it:

"Broken homes,

failing schools,

sink estates."

Tony Blair used to use it as well:

"Education,

education.

education."

Barack Obama too:

"A world at war,

a planet in peril,

the worst financial crisis in a generation.

Why three?

Well, three is the magic number in rhetoric.

"Government of the people, by the people, for the people."

(In German) "One people, one empire, one leader."

(In Italian) "Eat well, laugh often, love much."

(Applause)

That was the hardest part of this speech to practice,

so thank you for the applause.

This is also an ancient Roman rhetorical device.

They used to call it tricolon,

which makes it sound like a peculiar part of the digestive system.

But it's just putting things in threes.

You put your argument in threes,

it makes it sound more compelling, more convincing, more credible.

Just like that.

And so we find the rule of three here, there, and everywhere.

And so indeed you can tell the history of Verona

through nothing more than the rule of three.

If you think that Caesar used to come here 2,000 years ago,

"Veni, vidi, vici."

400 years ago,

Shakespeare wrote "Romeo and Juliet,"

which was set here.

"Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou, Romeo?"

But of course,

far and away the most momentous event in Verona's history -

today's TEDx;

"Reinvent. Rethink. Relay."

Right.

Let's move on; number two.

(Applause)

Three sentences in which the opening clause is repeated.

Now this is what Winston Churchill did with his,

"We shall fight on the beaches,

we shall fight on the landing grounds,

we shall fight on the fields and in the streets."

Of course, he could have said this a whole lot quicker.

But he wanted to communicate his emotion, so he repeated it.

When we are emotional about things, our perspective distorts.

And this then manifests in our speech.

And so this is the authentic sound of passion.

I love Verona.

I love Italy.

I love pasta.

I love tiramisu.

I love all of you.

I love the excitement,

I love the energy,

I love the enthusiasm here in this room;

Are you feeling my passion?

You should be because I am a speech writer and I know how to make a point.

It sweeps people away.

And this is why this technique is used by slick salesmen and by market traders.

"I'm not asking £20, I'm not asking £15,

I'm not even asking 10 pounds."

It sweeps people onto the next point, which is free balance in statements.

"Ask not what your country can do for you,

ask what you can do for your country."

"There is nothing wrong with America

that can't be cured by what's right with America."

"To be or not to be."

If the sentence sounds as if it's balanced,

we imagine that the underlying thinking is balanced,

and our brain is tuned to like things that are balanced.

Balanced minds, balanced diets, balanced lives.

And so we are drawn to these kinds of sentences,

we are attracted to them even if that balance is actually just an illusion.

Like, we're looking to the future, not the past.

We're working together, not against one another.

We're thinking about what we can do, not what we can't.

Now let's move on to number four.

Metaphor.

Metaphor is probably the most powerful piece of political communication.

But it's the bit no one ever talks about, the elephant in the room, so to speak,

which is extraordinary because we use metaphor once every 16 words on average.

So our conversation is littered with metaphors, scattered with metaphors.

We can't speak for very long without reaching for a metaphor,

and metaphors are very loaded.

See, metaphors are all over the place,

and they are political in that they are used by people

to lead people towards things, or indeed to make them recoil.

And so we use beautiful images, images of people, images of love,

images of family, of sunshine, in order to draw people towards things,

and we use disgusting images- vermin, scary monsters, disease, sickness,

in order to make people recoil.

And they're all lies, and they are never challenged.

And yet they have an enormous impact on the way that people behave and respond.

There's been research showing changing nothing more than the metaphor

in a piece of text

can lead to fundamentally different reactions from people

on questions ranging from

whether or not they'll invest in a company,

whether or not they will back particular crime policies

to even whether or not they'll support a foreign war.

And so this is really important stuff. and it's all around us.

So let me just take three of the big metaphors -

three is the magic number -

three of the big metaphors that are around at the moment.

"The Arab Spring".

You've all heard of The Arab Spring.

You can't talk about

what's going on in the Middle East without calling it an Arab Spring.

"The Arab Spring".

Sun's shining, flowers blooming.

This is a time of regrowth, rebirth, rejuvenation.

And yet it's a big lie, isn't it?

Even the most optimistic, geopolitical experts

look at the Middle East and say

this is going to take two generations to recover.

It's not an Arab Spring; it's an Arab Inferno.

Take another one; "The Calais Jungle".

Now this a phrase that has really taken root,

metaphorically speaking, in the last year or so.

If you Google "Calais" and "jungle," you get 70 million results.

If you google "Calais" and "croissant," you get just half a million results.

And what's the image this is planting in your mind?

It's planting in your mind the idea that migrants are like wild animals,

to be afraid of, they are dangerous, they represent a threat to you.

And this is a very dangerous metaphor because this is the language of genocide,

it's the language of hate.

It's the same metaphor that Hitler used against the Jews depicting them as snakes.

It's the same language which was used in Rwandan genocide

by the Hutu against the Tutsi; they were described as cockroaches.

And so it should be of intense concern to us

that this is a phrase that is being used now by the mainstream media

to talk about some of the most vulnerable people on our planet.

Let's take one more; "The financial storm".

The financial storm for the financial crisis.

Was the financial crisis really an act of nature

as the storm metaphor suggests?

So it has nothing to do with greedy bankers?

Or timid politicians?

Or ineffective regulators?

The storm plants a phoney image in our minds

that this is something that just swept in, naturally

and equally, will just sweep away with no need for action on our parts.

It's a big lie.

Pope Francis knows that it's a big lie.

And so he doesn't speak using the financial storm metaphor.

He has a different metaphor.

He talks about the dung heap of capitalism.

And so there he is using the metaphor of shit,

which is wonderful because what he is calling for,

he is demanding a clean-up of the whole system.

And this is a metaphor that every human being on the planet

can instantly understand, will be instantly disgusted by,

and this is a metaphor that can get a giggle from time to time.

So falling into this metaphorical space is one that

some of our funnier politicians do from time to time.

Boris Johnson, back in the UK,

he's talked about how the labor leader

emanated from the bowels of the trade union movement.

In my time working in government

we had Tony Blair and Gordon Brown described as two cheeks of the same arse.

And Ronald Reagan once talked about government as a baby

with a huge appetite at one end,

no sense of responsibility at the other.

So let's move on to number five.

Exaggeration.

When we're emotional, our perspective distorts.

This manifests in our speech.

And people who are emotional about something

will therefore go over the top.

So, "My god, I've been waiting to give this talk my whole life.

I didn't sleep at all last night,

and I am going to give my heart and soul to you."

Okay, these are all exaggerative statements.

Leaders do this kind of stuff all the time.

You might think it's out of order, but in actual fact,

exaggeration is just part and parcel of ordinary conversation.

So they're just replicated in the kind of things that we do naturally

when we do that.

Let's move on to number six; rhyme.

There is research showing people are more likely

to believe something is true if it rhymes than if it does not rhyme,

which feels absurd but it's down to what linguists talk about

as the processing fluency of language; how easy is language to swallow?

If you speak using long words and long sentences,

it's like giving someone a steak and asking them to swallow it.

Whereas if you give them something pithy, like a rhyme,

it's like asking them to just sip on some Prosecco.

And we learn things through rhymes from the moment that we're toddlers.

"One, two, buckle my shoe."

And so rhymes are signifiers of truth in our society,

so they can often be used therefore to conceal fallacies.

I don't know if any of you remember the OJ Simpson case.