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  • MUSIC

  • TOM COSTELLO: Imagine moving a mechanical arm by just thinking

  • about it. Or playing a video game using only your mind.

  • Although it may seem like science fiction, scientists and

  • engineers have been developing this technology for decades:

  • it's called brain-computer interface, or BCI.

  • RAJESH RAO: The field of brain-computer interfaces relies

  • on the ability of the brain to be able to generate certain

  • types of responses that can then be harnessed by computers, to be

  • able to be interpreted by computers.

  • COSTELLO: Doctor Rajesh Rao is a neuroengineer and director of

  • the Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering at the

  • University of Washington, and is funded by the National Science

  • Foundation. He is developing safe, non-invasive devices that

  • can connect to the brain to accomplish things like

  • controlling a prosthetic arm, or sending commands to a computer.

  • RAO: Looking at the development of this whole

  • field of brain-computer interfaces is to think of it in

  • terms of studying how the brain controls the body.

  • COSTELLO: Whether it's telling the legs to jump in the air, or

  • activating glands to produce sweat, the body's actions and

  • functions are controlled by neurons. They communicate

  • information to and from the brain and the rest of the

  • nervous system using chemical and electrical signals.

  • RAO: And so they're sending these electrical pulses to each

  • other and eventually to the muscles that are then

  • controlling my body.

  • COSTELLO: Much like how the brain controls muscles,

  • researchers can use new technologies to tap into these

  • signals to control machines.

  • RAO: The understanding of how the brain controls movement led

  • to the development of devices and algorithms - that can be

  • implemented on a computer that recognize these patterns in the

  • activity of brain cells and then correspondingly move

  • an artificial device.

  • COSTELLO: To demonstrate how this technology works, Rao and

  • his team of students use a BCI that allows them to study

  • nonverbal communication. First, the student is fitted with an

  • electroencephalogram or EEG cap, which is a series of electrodes

  • placed on the scalp to record brain signals.

  • COSTELLO: When a question appears on the monitor, the

  • student answers "yes" or "no" by looking at one of the flashing

  • lights, which are blinking at different frequencies. When the

  • subject's eyes focus on one of the response lights, the

  • frequency of that specific light is picked up by the visual

  • cortex in the brain, and measured by the EEG cap. 12

  • hertz represents a "yes" frequency, while a "no" is at

  • a frequency of 13 hertz.

  • STUDENT: Now you can see it peak here at around 12 hertz because

  • no is for 12 hertz.

  • COSTELLO: The computer interprets this signal and moves

  • the cursor in the direction of the response. Using an EEG cap

  • isn't the only way to measure brain activity. Some BCI's use a

  • method called electrocorticography. It also

  • records brain activity but unlike the EEG cap, it is

  • surgically placed directly on the surface of the brain,

  • providing a clearer signal and more precise information.

  • RAO: For example, they can imagine moving their hand. And

  • we use a computer to extract the patterns that correspond to

  • imagined movement of the hand compared to, for example,

  • not imagining and just resting.

  • COSTELLO: From there, the computer can distinguish the two

  • types of brain activity: imagining movement and not

  • imagining movement, then use that information to enable hand

  • control by mental activity.

  • RAO: Given the right kinds of information and the right kinds

  • of devices that are useful for the animal or for the human,

  • the brain can start to adapt.

  • COSTELLO: With practice, the brain can learn to do something

  • it's never done before, like control a prosthetic it's not

  • familiar with. But the key is to understand how these neural

  • networks communicate between the brain and the body.

  • RAO: If you're able to understand the brain better,

  • then you're also able to build better brain-computer

  • interfaces, because they can use those signals that are

  • responsible for different kinds of movements.

  • COSTELLO: As Rao continues to collaborate with engineers,

  • neuroscientists, and neurosurgeons to develop more

  • BCI devices, he is working toward a future where the brain

  • and technology come together seamlessly.

  • MUSIC

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脳とコンピュータのインターフェース - 脳の謎 (Brain-Computer Interface - Mysteries of the Brain)

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    Lyh Thomas に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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