the different ways of measuring the amount of money

それじゃ、中央銀行の話から始めようか。 （アメリカでは、米国連邦準備銀行のことだね）

we have in circulation.

例えば、中央銀行が4ドル札を印刷するとしよう

So we're going to start things with our Central

目で見てわかりやすくするために、具体的にしてみよう

Bank in the US.

電子技術で発行もできるけど、今は実際に印刷する前提で 話を進めようね

This would be the US Federal Reserve.

それで、このドル札を世の中に流通させるには、 このおカネを使って

And let's say that they print $4.

自由な市場で証券を買ったりするんだ。 普通はとても安全性と流動性の高い証券だね

And we're going to focus, just for visualization purposes,

流動性があるというのは、大量な売り買いがたやすくできる証券ということ。

on that they're doing it physically.

例えば、政府の債権は流動性のある証券、 つまり流動性のある資産だけど

They could also do it electronically.

髭剃り入れは流動性資産とはいえない・・・

But we're just going to focus on the physical.

もし僕が、10億ドル分の髭剃り入れを買ったとしても

And the way that they get this into circulation

売りさばくのはとても困難だ・・・ 一つには、10億ドル分を買うのがまず難しいし

is it they'll take these $4 and they'll

それを10億ドル分売るというのは、多分もっと難しいね

go buy securities in the open market, normally

短期、中期的にはね。

very safe and very liquid securities.

だから、中央銀行は市場で、例えば4ドル分の流動性証券を1単位買う。

Liquid means it's very easy to buy and sell

（はい、これがその証券ね）

those securities in large quantities.

そして、その証券を売った人は、それを銀行に預けることにする。

For example, government treasuries

彼らはそのお金を直接銀行に預けてもいいし、それとも

is a liquid security, or liquid asset.

証券を売ったおカネで他のものを買ってもいい

PEZ dispensers would not be a liquid asset.

そして人に物を売った人はおカネを銀行に預ける…

If I bought a billion dollars worth of PEZ

でも、いずれにしろ、おカネは銀行に預けられることになるのは わかるよね

dispensers it would be very hard for me to sell-- one

（はい、これは僕たちのプライベート銀行。これをプライベート銀行1としよう）

it would be very hard for me to buy a billion dollars worth.

さて、いますべてのおカネはプライベート銀行１に移されて・・・

And it would be even probably even harder

連邦準備銀行、つまり中央銀行（通常は）は、おカネを持っていない

for me to sell a billion dollars worth in any short or medium

おカネはここ（プライベート銀行１）に移されたんだ。 （流れをわかりやすくするためにこれを消すね）

timeframe.

さて、おカネがプライベート銀行１に預けられると、預けた人はこう言う：

So the Central Bank goes out, and let's say they go and buy

「そうだな、僕は必要に応じてこの中の３ドルを取り出したい。このおカネに対して、小切手を出そう」

one liquid security for $4.

そしてその人は当座預金に３ドルを入れると、３ドルまでの小切手を書くことができる・・・。

So this is a security right over here.

そして、その人は少し利子の上乗せをしてもらえるし、

And the person that they bought the security from

銀行の方も普通預金の利子も上乗せしてくれる。 だって、銀行は準備高をキープしてなくていいんだからね

decides to deposit it in a bank.

彼らh１ドルを普通預金に入れる

They could either directly deposit it in a bank

でも、この普通預金に対しては小切手を書くことはできない

or they could use that money that they

さて、例外はあるとしても、話を簡単にするために 彼らは小切手を書けないということにしよう

got from selling their security to buy things,

and the person they bought things from

could deposit it in a bank.

But one way or another we can imagine it all gets

deposited in a bank.

So this is our private bank.

I'll call this private bank number one.

So now all of these dollars are transferred

to private bank number one.

And they are no longer-- the Federal Reserve,

or the Central Bank, in the general case,

is no longer in possession of them.

They've been transferred right over here.

And I want to cross these out just

so we can keep track of things.

Now when they deposit it in private bank number one,

they said, well, I need three of these dollars on demand.

And I want to write checks against them.

So they put three of these dollars in a checking account.

There are at three of these dollars a checking account.

So checks up too-- so write checks up to $3.

And so they can get a little bit more interest,

and the bank's willing to give a little bit more interest

on a savings account because they don't have

to keep the reserves, they put $1 into a savings account.

And they cannot write checks against that savings account.

Now there are special circumstances now,

but for simplicity, let's just say that they cannot write

checks.

There are some that have restricted check writing

and things like that now.

So this bank says, OK, well, this dollar, I

don't have to even have any reserves against it.

I could loan out this dollar.

And the person they lend it to, let's

say that they immediately go and deposit it into another bank.

So they immediately go and deposit this in private bank,

I'll call this private bank two.

So it's no longer in private bank one.

Let me draw a private bank two.

Private bank two is a right over here.

Private bank number two.

And they deposit it into a savings account

in private bank number two.

And let's say all of this, out of all of this,

the bank says, well, this is a demand deposit,

I have to keep some reserves.

This is a fractional reserve system.

But I can lend out, in the US, I could lend out up to 90%

of this.

And maybe this bank is a little bit more conservative,

They only lend out 2/3 of this.

So they lend out $2 out of these $3

And let's say the person they let it do also

happens to deposit it in private bank number

two, just coincidentally.

So these two also end up in private bank number two.

And so they're no longer in private bank number

one, although this person could still write checks up to $3.

And now here in private bank number

two-- and let's say these are deposited

in a checking account.

These are deposited right over here in a checking account.

Now private bank number two, it can do a couple of things.

In this checking account it has to keep some reserves.

Let's say it's even more conservative.

It only decides to lend out half of this,

even though it could lend out 90%.

And so it lends out one of these dollars.

And the person that they lend it to just takes that dollar

and they put it in their wallet.

So they just put it in their wallet.

And they could also lend out this entire savings.

And let's just say that the person

that they lend that $1 in savings to also

puts it in their wallet.

And notice, the original $4 are still there.

One, two, three, four.

Now, and just to be clear, this person right over here can

write checks up to $3 .

And this person right over here can

write checks-- let me do that same checking account

color-- they can write checks up to $2.

Now let's think about the different forms of money

there are here.

Well, we could think of money in a very, very narrow way, which

is just what did the Central Bank print, or create

electronically as electronic reserves of its member banks?

But for simplicity here you can just

think about the physical currency that it printed,

its base money.

And so that, often, is just referred to as base money.

And in the US and other countries

it's often the same thing as M0.

There's slight differences from country to country.

And in this example, as soon as they printed it and put it

into circulation, that was $4.

We had $4 of base money.

And that's obvious because as soon as they printed this

and they bought the security with it,

and it was in circulation, that $4 could be used to buy things.

It could be used to facilitate transactions.

Now that clearly isn't all of the stuff that

can be used as money in this little universe we created.

This guy, you have the $4 but these people

can also write checks right over here.

And so we can have a slightly broader definition of money.

And over here, we will call it M1.

And here, there's a couple of ways you could think about it.

You could think about it as all of the currency that's

in people's pockets plus all of the check writing capabilities.

So if you view it that way it, would

be this $2 plus $5 of check writing capabilities

right over here.

So you could have $2 of physical currency

that's in people's wallets, not in bank reserves,

plus the $5 of check writing capability,

which would give you $7.

Another way you could view it, you

could view it as M0 plus checkable deposits.

I'll just write checks here, plus-- well

I'll write-- checkable deposits.

But if you do that, you are now double

counting because some of the M0 is

reserves in the checkable deposits.

Or you could say some of the checkable deposits

is held as reserves for M0.

So then you would have to subtract out the bank reserves.

And so then you would get $4 because we

don't want to double count these right over here.

You would get M0 is $4.

And I want to do that in white.

M0 is $4.

The checkable deposits is $5.

Let me do that in the pink.

Plus the $5.

And then you would want to subtract out the reserves.

And the reserves here, there are $2 of the reserves.

So minus $2.

And you would get yourself back to the $7.

And the whole point of this is so you're not double counting

something, you're not double counting this right over here,

as part of checkable deposits and part of the M0.

You're not using this twice.

It's not part of the base money.

It is both the base money and checkable deposits.

And we don't want to count it twice.

So the simplest way to think about

is, well, what can be used in this broader definition

to facilitate transactions?

These $2 in people's pockets, and this ability

to write up to $5 of checks.

So that's this view right over here.

And if we want to get even broader than that,

we can get to something called M2.

And here we could say, OK, what's immediately

usable to facilitate a transaction right now?

So that would be our M1.

So that would be our $7 of M1.

Plus things that can be easily converted to M1.

So for example, these savings accounts

can be easily converted to checking accounts.

It might only take a couple of days.

There might be some restrictions.

But it can be converted.

And when it gets converted will change the bank's reserve

requirements a little bit.

But it will allow, if this person converts it

they will have the ability to write more checks.

So M2 includes M1 plus things that

are very easy to convert to M1.

And so they'll include things like savings accounts, money

market accounts, which I won't go into detail here.

But they're really kind of similar in that you

get slightly higher interest, but there

are restrictions on your ability to access it.

But it's not too hard to turn it into checking accounts.

And small dollar value time deposit, CD accounts.

But for the sake of simplicity, in this example,

it would be the saving accounts.

So it would be our $7 of M1, plus the $2

of savings accounts right over here.

So this is just to give you a picture.

When someone talks about the money

supply you really have to say, well,

what are you talking about?

The most typical one is that you're really talking about M1,

because this is the stuff that's directly usable to facilitate

transactions.

Things like the ability to write a check,

or dollar bills in someone's wallet.

But they might be talking about base money, M0, narrow money,

always of referring to the same thing,

especially in the United States.

Or they might be referring to something even broader.

And there are broader definitions

even than M2, although M3, they've

stopped reporting about it.

But M3 would have things that are a little bit further

from being true money, from being a checking account.

But they are already fairly liquid

and so they'll include other types of assets.

But the Fed has stopped reporting

this in the recent past.

So these are the ones that are typically referred to.