Name: 死への視点。クラッシュコースの哲学#17 (Perspectives on Death: Crash Course Philosophy #17)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T06:09:37.000Z
Duration: 9 min 1 s
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基礎受動態

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What are you afraid of? Spiders? Public speaking? The dentist? Calculus?

How you feel about death has probably been shaped by your beliefs about whether or not there’s an afterlife

The ancient Egyptians believed that, at death, your heart would be weighed against a feather,

to determine if it was fit to enter the underworld.

A heart heavy with misdeeds would be fed to a demon

Christians may envision Saint Peter, waiting at the pearly gates to welcome you into heaven,

unless your name doesn’t make his list.

Imagine not only being turned away from the coolest club in town, but banished to the eternal torments of hell.

As we learned in our discussions about the philosophy of religion, when the stakes are eternal,

it’s only reasonable to get a little nervous about what’s basically the Ultimate Final Exam.

But if it makes you feel any better, many philosophers have believed, and still believe,

In 399 BCE, Socrates was sentenced to death for, among other things,

refusing to acknowledge the official deities of Athens,

radicalizing youth, and generally honking off the people in charge.

But even when he faced his own imminent death, he remained calm and unafraid.

He was a philosopher, after all. And fear was no match for his ability to argue.

Socrates didn’t think we could know if there’s an afterlife or not,

but he thought there were really only two possibilities.

And as far as he was concerned, neither of them was anything to be afraid of.

Either death is a dreamless sleep or death is a passage to another life

Dreamless sleeps are nice, not scary (Socrates said he could use the rest)

And a passage to another life sounds good, too,

because he’ll get to hang out with cool people from the past who have already died

Therefore, either way, death is nothing to fear

Socrates’ idea of the afterlife was Hades, which he seems to have pictured as being a lot like Athens,

except that no one had any physical bodies – only disembodied minds.

And frankly he thought that sounded awesome, because bodies can be a real pain;

they just need to be fed, and require rest. Just, so much upkeep.

So, in the afterlife, Socrates imagined he’d get to have endless philosophical conversations,

and continue learning new things, with the greatest thinkers of the past.

And they wouldn’t have to take a break to eat or sleep or pee!

Now, Socrates recognized that, although his favorite activity, philosophizing, didn’t require a body, some things do.

And if all of your favorite pastimes are physical, you might find the afterlife disappointing.

That’s why Socrates recommended spending your life looking after your mind,

cultivating that part of you that you’ll get to keep forever – if there’s an afterlife.

If you do that, when the time comes for you to die, you’ll actually see death as a benefit,

because you won’t be troubled by bodily things, while your mind will be in top form.

What about that “dreamless sleep” that Socrates spoke about?

Isn’t total annihilation of the self, like, the scariest thing there is?

Ancient Stoic philosopher Epicurus didn’t think so.

He lived about a hundred years after Socrates, and he rejected belief in an afterlife altogether.

Instead, he said we’re just our bodies, and nothing more.

But still, he still didn’t find death scary.

Here’s his argument: death is the cessation of sensation.

Good and evil only make sense in terms of sensation.

Epicurus was convinced that things are only evil, or bad, if they feel bad.

And he didn’t mean only physical feelings.

Anyone who’s ever had a broken heart will tell you that it’s a lot more painful, and harder to heal, than a broken leg.

But a broken heart is still a sensation – you need a body to experience it – so as a materialist –

someone who believed that You equal Your Body – death just meant nonexistence.

And there was nothing scary about that, because, well,

there won’t be any you to have any feelings about not existing!

Epicurus argued that fearing nonexistence is not only stupid, but it gets in the way of enjoying life.

You are alive, and experiencing sensations, now.

So, he said, make those sensations as great as possible,

and don’t worry about when those sensations are going to stop! YOLO!

To help you understand Epicurus and his attitudes about death a little better,

let’s head over to the Thought Bubble for some Flash Philosophy.

Think about a hangover. If you haven’t had one, imagine what they might be like.

Hangovers aren’t bad for you before you get one, right?

In fact, the thing that comes before the hangover is often quite pleasant, what with all the laughing,

and feeling uninhibited, and working up the courage to talk to that cutie from your calculus class.

No, the hangover is only bad while it’s happening.

And true, it might be bad after it’s over, like, if it kept you from doing well on your calculus exam the next morning,

because you were too busy trying not to barf in front of said cutie.

But the point is, if something is bad for you, it’s generally bad for you at a particular time, the way a hangover is.

But Epicurus said that death can’t be bad for you at any time.

The thing that eventually kills you? Yeah, that’s gonna be bad for you, before your death.

When you think about it, you and Death are never present at the same time.

And if there’s no you when death is present, then there is no time in which death is bad for you.

So, things like hangovers and charley horses and movie spoilers are bad, because you’re there to experience them.

But as far as Epicurus was concerned, life was like a night of drinking before the hangover that is death,

which – inevitable as it is – you will never actually experience.

Now, the 21st century has its own perspectives on death.

And one might be best described as a kind of philosophical FOMO.

Contemporary American philosopher Thomas Nagel points out that some people dread death

because they’ll miss out on things that they want to experience.

If you died right now, you’d never get to finish the video game you’re in the middle of,

or read the next George RR Martin book, or see humans land on Mars.

But think about it like this: Cool stuff was going on way before you were born. And you missed it!

I’m gonna make some assumptions about your age here

and say that you weren’t listening when Orson Welles terrified the nation with the War of the Worlds.

You didn’t march on Washington. You totally missed Woodstock.

So, Nagel asks: If you don’t feel some sort of deep sense of loss at what you missed before you were alive,

why should you feel loss at what you’ll miss after you die?

Now, Nagel does point out that, if we believe that life is essentially good,

then there is something to mourn when a life is cut short.