Across Europe and Central Asia,

およそ100万人の子ども達が

approximately one million children live in large

大規模な居住型施設 ― 孤児院で 暮らします

residential institutions, usually known as orphanages.

孤児院と聞くと 愛情あふれる温かな環境を

Most people imagine orphanages as a benign environment

思い浮かべる人も多く

that care for children.

孤児院の実態を わかっている人ですら

Others know more about the living conditions there,

必要悪だと考えています

but still think they're a necessary evil.

両親のいない子どもを そんなにたくさん

After all, where else would we put all of those children

収容できる場所は 他にないからです

who don't have any parents?

しかし 60年に渡る 研究で明らかになったのは

But 60 years of research has demonstrated

子どもを家族から引き離し

that separating children from their families

巨大な施設に入れることで

and placing them in large institutions

健康や発達が 損なわれるという事実です

seriously harms their health and development,

生後間もない赤ちゃんでは 特に顕著です

and this is particularly true for young babies.

赤ちゃんは

As we know, babies are born

筋肉も脳も未発達の状態で

without their full muscle development,

生まれてきます

and that includes the brain.

脳は ３才までに 成長を完了しますが

During the first three years of life, the brain grows

成長過程の大部分は

to its full size, with most of that growth taking place

生後６か月までに起ります

in the first six months. The brain develops

脳は経験と刺激に 応じて発達します

in response to experience and to stimulation.

赤ちゃんが新しい事を 学ぶたび たとえば ―

Every time a young baby learns something new --

目の焦点を合わせる

to focus its eyes,

動きや表情をまねる 何かを手に取る

to mimic a movement or a facial expression,

単語を話す お座りする そういった事を学ぶたびに

to pick something up, to form a word or to sit up --

新しいシナプスの結合が 脳で形成されます

new synaptic connections are being built in the brain.

親になると 子どもの 学習の速さに驚きます

New parents are astonished by the rapidity of this learning.

親が子ども達の能力に 感心したり 喜んだりするのは当然です

They are quite rightly amazed and delighted by their children's cleverness.

親は喜びを子どもに伝え

They communicate their delight to their children,

子どもは笑顔と

who respond with smiles,

もっとやりたい もっと学びたい という希望で応えます

and a desire to achieve more and to learn more.

親子間に 愛情が芽生えることで

This forming of the powerful attachment between child and parent

身体的 社会的 ―

provides the building blocks for physical, social,

言語 認知 精神運動面の 発達の基礎ができます

language, cognitive and psychomotor development.

親子関係は 将来の 人間関係 つまり友人や

It is the model for all future relationships with friends,

パートナーや我が子との 関係の基礎になります

with partners and with their own children.

ほとんどの家庭で 関係は自然にできあがり―

It happens so naturally in most families

意識されません

that we don't even notice it. Most of us are unaware

親子関係が人間の発達や

of its importance to human development and, by extension,

健全な社会の発展に 重要だと気づきにくいのです

to the development of a healthy society.

関係に問題が生じて はじめて ―

And it's only when it goes wrong that we start to realize

子どもにとって家庭が 重要だとわかるのです

the importance of families to children.

1993年の８月に 私が初めて目にしたのは

In August, 1993, I had my first opportunity to witness

子どもが施設に収容され 十分に世話されないため

on a massive scale the impact on children

大きな影響を 受けている様子でした

of institutionalization and the absence of parenting.

1989年の革命後の

Those of us who remember the newspaper reports

ルーマニアでの 新聞報道が記憶にある方は

that came out of Romania after the 1989 revolution

施設の劣悪な状況を 思い出せるでしょう

will recall the horrors of the conditions in some of those institutions.

私は依頼されて 大規模施設の所長を援助し

I was asked to help the director of a large institution to

子どもを家族と 別れさせない活動をしました

help prevent the separation of children from their families.

550人の赤ちゃんを収容する チャウシェスクのモデル孤児院だったので

Housing 550 babies, this was Ceausescu's show orphanage,

状況は他より ずっと良いと 聞かされていました

and so I'd been told the conditions were much better.

私は小さい子どもがいる 現場で働いてきたので

Having worked with lots of young children, I expected

施設は騒々しいだろうと 予想していました

the institution to be a riot of noise,

ところが修道院のように静かです

but it was as silent as a convent.

子どもがいるとは とても思えないのに

It was hard to believe there were any children there at all,

所長が案内してくれる どの部屋にも

yet the director showed me into room after room,

無数のベッドが 並んでいます

each containing row upon row of cots,

子どもがベッドに横たわり ぼんやりと宙を眺めています

in each of which lay a child staring into space.

40人の新生児がいる部屋でも 泣き声は聞こえません

In a room of 40 newborns, not one of them was crying.

おむつが汚れている様子や

Yet I could see soiled nappies, and I could see

むずかる様子は見ましたが

that some of the children were distressed,

聞こえるのは子ども達が 力なく発するうめき声だけ

but the only noise was a low, continuous moan.

保育士長が誇らしげに言いました

The head nurse told me proudly,

「子ども達は とても お行儀がいいでしょう」

"You see, our children are very well-behaved."

その後 数日でわかりました

Over the next few days, I began to realize

静かなのは そこだけではないのです

that this quietness was not exceptional.

赤ちゃんが入所すると 最初の数時間は泣きます

The newly admitted babies would cry for the first few hours,

でも欲求が 満たされないとわかると

but their demands were not met, and so eventually

泣かなくなるのです 赤ちゃんは数日で

they learned not to bother. Within a few days,

無気力 無関心で 宙を眺めるだけになります

they were listless, lethargic, and staring into space

どの子も同じです

like all the others.

長年 多くの人や新聞報道が

Over the years, many people and news reports

施設の職員を批判してきました

have blamed the personnel in the institutions

彼らが子どもに 害を与えているというのです

for the harm caused to the children, but often, one member

でも職員１人で10〜20人 時には40人の子どもを世話するのです

of staff is caring for 10, 20, and even 40 children.

だから決められた計画を 実施するのが精一杯です

Hence they have no option but to implement a regimented program.

子どもを７時に起こし ７時30分に食事を与えます

The children must be woken at 7 and fed at 7:30.

８時にはおむつを替えるので

At 8, their nappies must be changed, so a staff member

担当する10〜20人に 食事を与える時間はわずか30分です

may have only 30 minutes to feed 10 or 20 children.

子どもが８時30分に おむつを汚してしまうと

If a child soils its nappy at 8:30, he will have to wait

取り替えてもらうまでに 数時間待たねばなりません

several hours before it can be changed again.

子どもが他の人間と 触れ合う時間は

The child's daily contact with another human being

食事とおむつ交換の時だけ １日わずか数分に限られ

is reduced to a few hurried minutes of feeding and changing,

それ以外の刺激と言えば

and otherwise their only stimulation is the ceiling,

天井と壁とベッドの柵だけなのです

the walls or the bars of their cots.

初めてチャウシェスクの 施設を訪れてから

Since my first visit to Ceausescu's institution,

チェコ共和国や スーダンをはじめ 18か国で

I've seen hundreds of such places across 18 countries,

数百か所の施設を見てきました

from the Czech Republic to Sudan.

土地や文化が 多様であっても

Across all of these diverse lands and cultures,

施設や そこでの子どもの暮らしは

the institutions, and the child's journey through them,

憂鬱になるほどよく似ています

is depressingly similar.

外からの刺激が少ないため 自己刺激行動 ―

Lack of stimulation often leads to self-stimulating behaviors

手をヒラヒラさせたり 前後に揺れたり

like hand-flapping, rocking back and forth,

攻撃的になる様子が見られます 施設によっては そんな行動を

or aggression, and in some institutions, psychiatric drugs

向精神薬で制御したり

are used to control the behavior of these children,

自分や他者を傷つけないように

whilst in others, children are tied up to prevent them

縛ったりするのです

from harming themselves or others.

こんな子どもは「障害者」として

These children are quickly labeled as having disabilities

障害児用の施設に送られます

and transferred to another institution for children with disabilities.

一度 施設に入ると 出所する事はまれです

Most of these children will never leave the institution again.

障害のない子どもでも ３才になると

For those without disabilities, at age three,

別の施設に送られ さらに７才で

they're transferred to another institution, and at age seven,

次の施設に送られます 年令と性別で分けられるので

to yet another. Segregated according to age and gender,

兄弟姉妹ですら 離ればなれになります

they are arbitrarily separated from their siblings,

別れを言う間さえ 与えられないことも

often without even a chance to say goodbye.

食べ物は不十分で 飢えることもしばしばです

There's rarely enough to eat. They are often hungry.

年上の子が小さい子をいじめます

The older children bully the little ones. They learn to

子ども達は生きる術として 身を守るために屈服します

survive. They learn to defend themselves, or they go under.

施設を出ると 社会に適応する ―

When they leave the institution, they find it really difficult

大変さを知ります

to cope and to integrate into society.

モルドバでは 施設で育った女性は

In Moldova, young women raised in institutions

そうでない女性の10倍の確率で 人身売買の対象になります

are 10 times more likely to be trafficked than their peers,

ロシアでの調査では 施設を出て２年後までに

and a Russian study found that two years after leaving institutions,

20%が犯罪を犯し

young adults, 20 percent of them had a criminal record,

14%が売春に関わり

14 percent were involved in prostitution,

10%が自殺するそうです

and 10 percent had taken their own lives.

近年 戦争や災害のないヨーロッパに

But why are there so many orphans in Europe

何故これほど多くの孤児が いるのでしょうか？

when there hasn't been a great deal of war or disaster in recent years?

実は孤児の親の95%以上は 生きています

In fact, more than 95 percent of these children have living parents,

親は自分の子を捨てたと

and societies tend to blame these parents

世間から非難されますが 調査によれば

for abandoning these children, but research shows that

ほとんどの親は 子どもと暮らしたいのです

most parents want their children, and that the primary drivers

子どもを施設に送る 主な理由は

behind institutionalization

貧困 障害 民族的な問題です

are poverty, disability and ethnicity.

多くの国では障害児を 受け入れる学校がなく

Many countries have not developed inclusive schools,

障害の程度が軽くても

and so even children with a very mild disability

6~7才で 寄宿制の

are sent away to a residential special school,

特別支援学校に送られます

at age six or seven.

施設は自宅から 何百キロも離れている場合もあり

The institution may be hundreds of miles away from the family home.

貧しい家庭なら 訪問もままならないため

If the family's poor, they find it difficult to visit,

親子関係が 次第に壊れてしまいます

and gradually the relationship breaks down.

施設にいる どの子にも

Behind each of the million children in institutions,

必死なのに万策尽きた 親がいるのです

there is usually a story of parents who are desperate

モルドバのナタリアも そんな親の一人です

and feel they've run out of options, like Natalia in Moldova,

赤ちゃんを養う ギリギリのお金しかなく

who only had enough money to feed her baby,

上の息子を施設に 送らねばなりませんでした

and so had to send her older son to the institution;

ブルガリアのデシには 子どもが４人いましたが

or Desi, in Bulgaria, who looked after her four children

夫が亡くなり フルタイムで

at home until her husband died,

働かねばならなくなりました

but then she had to go out to work full time,

支援もなく 障害のある子どもを

and with no support, felt she had no option

施設に入れるしか ありませんでした

but to place a child with disabilities in an institution;

また無数の若い女性が 親に妊娠を知られることを恐れて

or the countless young girls too terrified to tell their parents

病院に赤ん坊を置き去りにします

they're pregnant, who leave their babies in a hospital;

親になったばかりのカップルが

or the new parents, the young couple who have

初めての子どもに障害が あるとわかっても

just found out that their firstborn child has a disability,

医者は子どもの可能性について

and instead of being provided with positive messages

前向きなことを言ってはくれません

about their child's potential, are told by the doctors,

「この子の事は忘れて 施設に入れなさい

"Forget her, leave her in the institution,

家に帰って 健康な子を作ればいい」

go home and make a healthy one."

でも こんな事は避けられます

This state of affairs is neither necessary nor is it inevitable.

全ての子どもには 家族をもつ権利があり

Every child has the right to a family, deserves

家族が必要です 子どもには素晴らしい回復力があり

and needs a family, and children are amazingly resilient.

早い段階で 施設から出して

We find that if we get them out of institutions and into loving

愛情豊かな家庭を与えれば 発達の遅れを取り戻し

families early on, they recover their developmental delays,

普通の幸せな暮らしを送れます

and go on to lead normal, happy lives.

さらに家族に対する支援は

It's also much cheaper to provide support to families

施設を供給するより低コストです

than it is to provide institutions.

調査によれば 家族支援サービスのコストは

One study suggests that a family support service

施設に送るコストのわずか１割です

costs 10 percent of an institutional placement,

また優れた養子システムでも

whilst good quality foster care

３割ほどしかかかりません

costs usually about 30 percent.

適切な支援を提供しつつ コストを下げることで

If we spend less on these children but on the right services,

重度の障害をもつ子ども達向けの

we can take the savings and reinvest them in high quality

質の高い居住型ケアに 資金を分配できるのです

residential care for those few children with extremely complex needs.

ヨーロッパでは ケアの質が低い―

Across Europe, a movement is growing to shift the focus

大規模施設よりも 子どもを保護し

and transfer the resources from large institutions

子どもの能力を伸ばせる 地域型サービスを発展させようと

that provide poor quality care to community-based services

関心がよせられ 資金も移行しています

that protect children from harm and allow them to develop

ルーマニアでは 私が最初に働いた20年ほど前には

to their full potential. When I first started to work in Romania

施設に20万人の子どもがいて

nearly 20 years ago, there were 200,000 children living

数は日に日に増加していました

in institutions, and more entering every day.

ところが現在では１万人を割り込み

Now, there are less than 10,000, and

国中で家族支援サービスが 提供されています

family support services are provided across the country.

モルドバでは 極度の貧困と世界金融危機の

In Moldova, despite extreme poverty and the terrible effects

影響にもかかわらず入所者数は

of the global financial crisis, the numbers of children

この５年間で 50%以上 減っています

in institutions has reduced by more than 50 percent

その結果 資金が 家族支援サービスや

in the last five years, and the resources are being

「インクルーシブ教育」に 割り振られているのです

redistributed to family support services and inclusive schools.

多くの国が変革のための 行動計画を策定しています

Many countries have developed national action plans for change.

欧州委員会や 他の主な支援団体は

The European Commission and other major donors

施設向けだった資金を

are finding ways to divert money from institutions

家族支援や 地域の子育て支援に

towards family support, empowering communities

向けはじめています

to look after their own children.

それでも子どもを施設に 入れさせないために

But there is still much to be done to end the systematic

すべきことは 山ほどあります

institutionalization of children.

社会のあらゆる層で 意識を高める活動が必要です

Awareness-raising is required at every level of society.

施設は子どもに害を与えること ―

People need to know the harm that institutions cause to children,

そして 代替案があることを 知らせなければなりません

and the better alternatives that exist.

孤児院を支援しようとする人がいたら

If we know people who are planning to support orphanages,

代わりに家族支援サービスを 支援するよう説得すべきです

we should convince them to support family services instead.

孤児院は虐待の一種で

Together, this is the one form of child abuse

私たちの世代でなくせるはずです

that we could eradicate in our lifetime.

ありがとうございます　（拍手）

Thank you. (Applause)

（拍手）

(Applause)