Name: 遺伝学、エピジェネティクスと疾患 (Genetics, epigenetics and disease)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T05:49:42.000Z
Duration: 1 h 17 min 3 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

>> Ladies and gentlemen welcome to the 2013 Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize

Lecture. I'm Jean Thomas, I'm the Biological

Secretary and I have the housekeeping duties of asking you to turn off your

mobile phones, please, because the lecture is being recorded and webcast.

And also, to tell you in the that actually, I hope, unlikely event that

there's a fire, you don't go out through the usual doors but you, because of the

snow and whatever, you go out through these doors instead.

So, 2013 is the Royal Society Year of Science and Industry.

This is the year when the society will showcase excellence in UK industrial

science and strengthen links between the society industry and academia.

The Royal Society recognizes that world class research and development in the UK

industry is essential for transforming innovative ideas into commercially

successful products into its economic growth and securing the science space.

And it will be proactive in anticipating, understanding, and responding to the needs

of industry's scientists. Symposia and meetings with high industry

interests have been added already to the society's calender which already includes

longstanding initiatives in scientific excellence, such as the Royal Society

Industry Fellowship and the Brian Mercer Awards for Innovation and Feasibility.

So, the year of science, science and industry will bring a renewed focus on

engaging with the industrial sector to develop cogent arguments that high level

investment in the UK science space is essential for international

competitiveness. Something we would all, I'm sure, sign up

to. Now, to the prize and the lecturer, the

Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture is awarded biannually for original

contributions to medical and veterinary sciences published within 10 years of the

date of the award. The prize consists of a very nice gold

medal, an even nicer check for 2,500 pounds, and the recipient is called upon

to deliver an evening lecture at the Royal Society which is why we're all here this

evening. And this is really a, a capacity audience,

and the reason we're a few minutes late starting is that there is an overflow

room, and I don't remember that in the last, certainly, in the last four years of

chairing these evening lectures. So, Adrian has really put in a big crowd

tonight. So, no pressure there, Adrian, at all.

It was, the award was initially established following a donation from the

Wellcome Foundation. First award was made in 1980 the centenary

of the work and foundation and since 2002, it is being supported by GlaxoSmithKline

Limited. So, this year's recipient of the prize is

Adrian Bird an old friend and colleague, I'm delighted that he's received this

award. Adrian has held the Buchanan Chair of

Genetics at the University of Edinburgh since 1990.

And he's a member of the Wellcome Trust Center for Cell Biology in Edinburgh.

His research focuses on the basic biology and biomedical significance of DNA

methylation and other epigenetic processes.

His laboratory identified CpG islands as gene markers in the vertebrate genome.

And he discovered proteins that read the DNA methylation signal to influence

chromatin structure. Mutations in one of these proteins, MECP2,

and I'm sure we'll hear a lot more about this, this evening, causes the severe

neurological disorder Rett Syndrome, which is the commonest genetic cause of mental

retardation in females. Adrian was made a Fellow of the Royal

Society back in 1989. He's received several awards, numerous

awards for his work, including notably the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine, the

Charles-Leopold Mayer Prize of the French Academy, and the Gatineau Prize.

This evening, it's the turn of GSK and the Royal Society to give him this special GS

Royal Society, GSK prize. And has to give his lecture in order to

earn that. His lecture is entitled, as you can see,

Genetics, Epigenetics, and Disease. So, Adrian, over to you.

>> Thank you very much, Jean. Thank you very much for this award.

It's a great honor to, to be asked to give this lecture.

And thank you very much for braving the elements to come and listen.

I think, probably the title of Genetics, Epigenetics, and Disease is broad enough

that it sounds like it's going to change all our lives in this next 45 minutes.

But in fact, I'm going to focus on a relatively small part of it ultimately.

But I'm going to start off reasonably broad.

There's one deliberate mistake on the, the first slide.

So let's go back in time to the draft sequence of the human genome because this

was a, heralded as a, a time when biology really became a, a hard science.

If you like, it was seen as the, the beginning of the end.

We now knew the entire code for all, we knew the sequence of all the genes

required to make a human being. But it's pretty clear that it was actually

the end of the beginning. And the somewhat apocalyptic predictions

that now one simply had to automate, the discovery of all the medical innovations

that would result from the genome sequence was premature.

In fact, it's likely in my opinion that there's still another century of biology

to be done and this will be an exciting century of discovery converting the

promise of the genome into the reality of biomedical applications.

And that, one of the issues I think that, that, that we would really love to be able

to solve, a big, a big question if you like, is where DNA, despite being the

thread of life, you can put it in a tube and gaze, gaze at it for as long as you

want and it remains utterly dead. So the question is really what does it

take to make it alive? When Craig Venter synthesized a bacterial

genome an important synthetic biology milestone, it had to be put into a living

cell before it became alive. How can one bypass that?

As the chemists say, you only really understand something if you can make it.

We can't actually make life but it would be good to know some of the rules required

to do that. So, some key unanswered questions about

the genome that, that remain and this is only a selection.

First of all a basic fact, genes make proteins, here is the chromosome, here is

the sequence of the genes, there is the RNA.

It encodes the sequence of the amino acids that lead to the protein that folds up to

then do all the lifelike things that are required.

But how are only the right genes expressed in a cell type?

This has been a question, a long standing question.

Do we know the answer to it? Why globin is expressed in blood cells and

keratin is expressed in skin cells, etcetera.

We, we approximate knowledge about it, but actually, there's an enormous amount to

inaccessible. This is this gray, it's rather difficult

to look at this picture I think because the DNA is gray and looks although it

should be in the background but this is a nucleusome, the repeating unit of the, of

字幕リスト動画再生

遺伝学、エピジェネティクスと疾患 (Genetics, epigenetics and disease)

brain

disorder

complex

society