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Today, I want to just continue with the review of quantum mechanics, introduce the Schrodinger
and the Heisenberg pictures before, we start quantize electromagnetic fields.
So, yesterday when we finished, we were looking at some problems for example; suppose I take
a harmonic oscillator in one of the eigenstates of the energy and ket. So, the energy of this
state is n plus half h cross omega. Can you calculate the expectation value of
x in this state. We have done this yesterday is it okay, so this is 0 expectation value
of x square, So, I have to calculate n x, x n. i substitute x cap in terms of a and
a dagger with this be 0, this will not be 0. Let me give you the value x square expectation
value is h cross by m omega into n plus half, expectation value of x is 0. Expectation value
of x square is so much similarly, expectation value of P is 0 and expectation value of P
square is m h cross omega into n plus half. So, as I mentioned yesterday, the energy eigenstates
have well-defined energy and the phase of the oscillator is completely undetermined
and that is why when you take an expectation value from an ensemble of systems, you will
get a value of 0. I will recall that we defined uncertainty
in the x as x square average minus x average square raise to the half. So, because, x average
is 0 this is simply h cross by m omega into n plus half raised power half. The uncertainty
in the position of the oscillator in the nth eigenstate is square root of h cross by m
omega n plus half raised power half. Similarly, I can calculate delta P, the uncertainty
in the momentum P square minus P square. That square root of this quantity because, expectation
value P is 0.
So, I defined the product of uncertainties delta x times delta P, I can calculate from
here and what I find is delta x times delta P is equal to h cross into n plus half. I
So, I substitute the values of delta x and delta p and I find the uncertainty product
in position momentum of the linear harmonic oscillator is h cross n plus half.
And the lowest uncertainty product appears for n is equal to 0 state and for this state
delta x delta P is equal to h cross by 2. All higher order higher excided states have
a larger value of uncertainty product. Now I need to understand what is the time evolution
of the system in one of the energy Eigen states for example; So, suppose I take a state which
happens to be in an energy eigenstate. So, let me take a state for example; H E is
equal to E E. So, for any system suppose I take ket E is the energy eigenstate, So H
E is equal to E times E, E is the energy Eigen energy eigenvalue. Remember the Schrodinger
equation is i h cross Del by Del, Del t of E of the state is equal to H times E. If I
want to understand how the system generated in Eigen ket E evolves with time this Eigen
ket must satisfy this equation.
For any state for any state psi will satisfy these equation, but if the state is an energy
eigenstate H times E is simply E times E and I can then integrate this equation and I get
E as function of time is a function of time equal to E at 0 into exponential minus i E
t by h cross. So, Energy eigenstate evolve with time according to this equation, there
is only a phase change. The phase of the oscillator change with time and the time dependence is
exponential minus i E t by h cross. Sir excuse me.
Yeah? Sir if e is not an eigenstate
Yes I have generated state of a system that is
supervision of different eigenstate. Yeah.
Can we equation into different parts corresponding to each eigenstate.
No, not this equation the equation is still this. So, I will have i h cross del by del
t of psi is equal to h psi .What I can do is psi at t is equal to 0, I can write as
sigma C n, E n where, E n's are the eigenkets. So, then I can substitute here and then integrate
but because, I know that each eigenstate energy eigenstate evolve with time as exponential
minus i E n t by h cross, so I can write this as is equal to sigma C n exponential minus
i, E n t by h cross into E n. Sir it is like essentially by taking this
equation the first equation you have written and saying that each eigenstate is an independent
variable in this and split. Yeah they are all independent.
Each eigenstates are all orthonormal to each other. Essentially, they do not mix among
themselves each one evolves independently and with a time dependence exponential minus
i, E n t by h cross okay. Now before I look at the time evolution of
superposition states under two different pictures. Let me introduce this two pictures one is
the Schrodinger picture and one is the Heisenberg picture.
As I mentioned to you yesterday, in the Schrodinger picture the Eigen the kets evolve with time
and the operators are independent of time. In the Heisenberg picture the kets are fixed
in time and the operators evolve with time. Let me look at let me start with an example;
I have the Schrodinger equation. So, this equation i h cross Del by Del t of psi is
equal to h psi this is a Schrodinger equation and this is an equation of how the ket evolves
with time and so this is a Schrodinger picture. In this picture the operators like position
operator and momentum operator they are all the independent of time. This is a Hamilton
in operator, so if I am in conservative systems where the total energy is conserved h is also
independent of time. So, we will only look at systems where the
Hamilton in his independent of time. So, this H is also independent of time, but psi evolves
with time. Now as I said what is the important is that, the expectation value of any operator
must be the same whether I look at in the Heisenberg picture or in the Schrodinger picture.
Now if this if H is independent of time, I can write a formal solution of this equation
like this psi as a function of time is equal to exponential minus i H t by h cross into
psi at t is equal to 0. If I have an exponential of an operator this is 1 plus A plus 1 by
2 factorial A A plus 1 by 3 factorial A A A etcetera.
With single operator, there is no problem because, A and A commute but, if I had for
example; exponential a into exponential b, I have to be little careful, I will give you
a formula for that, but so that will be I defined this exponential of the operator.
You can verify that this is a solution by differentiating both sides and substituting
into this equation.
If you differentiate both sides for example; if I calculate i h cross del psi by del t
so del psi by del t this will be equal to i h cross del by del t of exponential minus
i H t by h cross psi at t is equal to 0. And if I had written this exponential operator
as a series in differentiate, I will get essentially minus i by h cross H exponential minus i H
t by h cross psi at t is equal to 0. You can expand this exponential in terms of
a series differentiate and you will find that differentiate at one which essentially gives
you the same as we have differentiating just like normal quality. So, this is equal to
i into minus i is 1 h cross cancels off and I get H into this remaining is nothing but,
psi of t. So, this solution which I wrote this formal
solution I wrote is the solution of the Schrodinger equation and this equation represents the
way the state evolves with time exponential minus i H t by h cross that is the Schrodinger
picture. Now for example; in this picture if I able to calculate the expectation value
of an operator a as a function of time, I will have this A. A is independent of time,
but this expectation value can change with time because, ket psi changes with time. Now
I want to another picture where I want to take away the time dependence from the ket
into the operator.
So, let me define the ket corresponding to the Heisenberg picture, I just put a subscript
h here as psi at t is equal to 0 that has not changed with time anymore and this equation
I can invert this formally and write this as exponential i H t by h cross into psi of
t. I have just taken this I have multiplied by an operator exponential i H t by h cross
on both sides and then because, the operator H is the same this becomes is equal to 1 identity
and I get this equation just gets reversed into psi of H, if psi of t is equal to 0 is
equal to this thing and by definition this is independent of time we need now this product
is a independent of time. This operator operating on this will always be at of psi at t is equal
to 0 okay.
Now the expectation value of an operator is remember psi s, so no subscript means a Schrodinger
picture into A into psi of t. So, now I have this equation for psi of t, which I use in
this equation. So, what is what is bra psi of t this is ket psi of t, exponential plus
i h t by h cross. Please remember H is a Hermitian operator.
So, this will be equal to psi at t is equal to 0, exponential i H t by h cross A, exponential
i H t by h cross psi at t is equal to 0. I have just substituted fresh and for the evolution
of the ket with time into this equation, I have just substituted for psi of t from this
equation essentially I am taking it back here and replacing in terms of psi at t is equal
to 0 minus here. No. There is a minus here.
So, this this is psi of t is equal to 0 is a function of psi of t. So, I am replacing
psi of t as a function psi of t is equal to 0 right. So, there is a minus sign here there
is a plus sign here. So, I define this as the operator in the Heisenberg
picture and this is nothing, but psi of H. So, the operator in the Heisenberg picture
is equal to exponential i H t by h cross operator in the Schrodinger picture minus i H t by
h cross. This is independent of time. What is a function
of time. And please note that H may not commute with A, so I cannot interchange A and exponential
i H t by h cross. If A commutes with x H then for example; what will be the Hamiltonian
in the Heisenberg picture. This will be H and H commutes with exponential i H t by h
cross, so this is simply be H, so this independent of time. In the Heisenberg picture the Hamiltonian
in the Heisenberg picture and the Hamiltonian in the Schrodinger picture are the same because,
if I replace A by H and if I expand the exponential, this H commutes with all the H's anywhere.
So, I can actually interchange this H and exponential and I get unity that means the
Hamiltonian is the same whether, you are looking at the Schrodinger picture or the Heisenberg
picture. Sir why does Hamiltonian commute with the
exponential terms. Because this is also H only this is an H operator
there is an H operator here, H operator always commutes with the H operator. So, I can if
you expand this exponential you will have H and that H and all these H will commute
anywhere. So, I can take this H out and reform back and the exponential then I will actually
that means I can interchange these two because, this and all this function commute with each
other okay. Now, I need to calculate what is the time
evolution, I need I can calculate an equation, disturbing the time of evolution of this operator
in the Heisenberg picture so for this I differentiate this equation.
So, I differentiate this with respect to time, and let me so let me calculate d a h by d
t. Let me assume in our analysis here that A has no time dependence in the Schrodinger
picture they could also be operators which are depending on time in the Schrodinger picture
itself, this is called an explicit dependence on time, but we will now look at that. Let
me assume in the Schrodinger picture, this operator i is independent of time. For example;
position operator, momentum operator they will all be independent of time, so when I
differentiate this I do not have to differentiate A with respect to time okay.
So, when I differentiate this equation what do I get. I differentiate first exponential,
so I get i H by h cross into exponential i H t by h cross A exponential minus i H t by
h cross plus exponential i H t by h cross A H okay. See when I differentiate the second
exponential, I will have a i H minus i H by h cross because, that commutes with this.
I can draw the exponential first and then the factor which comes out a differentiation
afterwards. So, I Just write the differential of this comes and the differential of this
comes and what is this, this is nothing but, A H of t this is also A H of t, so this is
nothing but, i by h cross A H minus A H. So, if I take the i h cross on the other side,
I get i h cross d a H by d t is equal to commutator A h H this, is called the Heisenberg equation
of motion. So, there is no i h cross Del psi by Del t is equal to H psi in the Heisenberg
picture because, psi is independent of time. I would have to solve this equation to get
how the operators vary with time. From the operator variation with time, I can always
calculate the expectation value because, psi does not change with time at all.
So, in the Schrodinger picture, I calculate how psi varies with time to calculate the
expectation value. In the Heisenberg picture, I calculate how the operators vary with time
to calculate expectation values and other quantities.
And actually in this particular picture is closed to classical mechanics for example;