I am here to tell you that the fundamental nature of news journalism

has changed for the worst in the last 20 years.

Almost without anybody noticing.

And many of the things that we looked at journalist to provide us with

accuracy, impartiality, context, depth are all under threat.

I would also like to try to convince you that an antidote

might come in the form of a new slow journalism revolution.

I'm going to make my case to you with the aid of 7 headlines.

Here is the first. "Guilty Amanda Knox looks stunned

as her appeal against murder conviction is rejected."

It's a headline from the MailOnline from October 2011.

The MailOnline is the world's single most read English language newspaper website.

It has just under a 190 million unique visitors every month.

The story refers to the court appeal of Amanda Knox, who is found guilty

of the murder of British student, Meredith Kercher

in Perugia, Italy in 2009.

The court appeal generated massive international news interest.

But as many people in this room will know, there is a problem with this headline.

It is the complete opposite of the truth.

Amanda Knox's appeal was successful.

Her conviction was overturned and she returned to Seattle,

where she's been living for the last 3 years.

So, how did the MailOnline get the story wrong?

They had prepared two versions of the story in advance.

One for if the court appeal was successful,

one for if it was unsuccessful.

Their representative, in the court, heard the word guilty.

Pushed the button, and the story went up online.

But it wasn't guilty to the charge of murder,

it was guilty to the much lesser charge of slander.

And for 2 or 3 minutes, the world's single biggest English language news site

had completely the wrong story on its site

until somebody switched it with the other story.

But it wasn't just the headline.

It was actually several hundred words of description and invented quotes.

So for example, we learned that as Amanda Knox heard the dreadful news,

she sank into her chair, sobbing uncontrollably.

That the Kercher Family stared directly ahead,

looking across only once at the distraught Knox Family.

We learned the prosecutors, were delighted with the verdict

but they said that on a human level,

it was sad that a young person would be spending so much time in jail.

None of this happened.

But in order to understand why this sort of thing happens,

why this sort of mistakes occur,

we need to understand one fundamental thing

about a change in the news media recently.

Which is that being first, has become much more important than being right.

Here is the second slide: #Amydead.

When Amy Winehouse, the famous singer, died in Camden, London in 2011,

news of her death started trending on Twitter within an hour.

10% of tweets during that hour concerned her death.

That's 20 million people speaking about an event,

before a single news organization

has published or broadcast a word about it.

It is the equivalent of the entire population of Australia

beating every journalist in the world to the story.

Obviously we all know about the extreme speed of diffusion of news,

and rumor online.

But for journalists, it is a major problem.

For centuries, they have been the ones who broke the news.

They have been the funnel through which the news passes.

But what they are realizing now is that if they want to keep up

with the speed of which news break online, then they need to jettison

many of the things that they thought were fundamental to their craft.

Taking a bit of time.

Speaking to some people. Finding out some facts.

Getting some proper quotes.

And giving their first best approximation of the truth.

Sadly, the declining fortunes of the news industry

and the algorithms which govern online news distribution,

mean that things are unlikely to get better anytime soon.

Here's another headline: "El País sacks 128 journalists."

In 2012, El País sacked almost a 1/3 of its editorial staff.

And it requested the remaining journalists to accept a 15% pay decrease.

But of course, they are not alone.

In American newsrooms, the number of reporters has fallen

by 31% in 10 years between 2002 and 2012.

News organizations are sacking journalists because they are losing money.

My favorite newspaper, The Guardian, lost 30.9 million pounds in 2013.

That's 122,134 pounds every single working day.

But people haven't stopped reading the news, they just stopped paying for it.

Free online news organizations are extremely popular,

but as publishers move their attention from print products, to online products,

online advertising becomes much more important.

You are not selling somebody a physical product

you have to sell it through the advertisers.

Because of the low yields of online advertising

you have to be read by millions of people in order to make money.

The gateway to millions of people is Google.

80% of us search for news stories online using Google

and 60% of us will click on one of the top 3 hits.

If you make it on one of those top 3, then you make a lot of money.

But Google doesn't really care if you spend a month researching the story.

If you've checked every fact. If you have revisited every quote.

It doesn't even really care if you've made the whole thing up in advance.

It does care if you are first.

So if you are the MailOnline, it makes perfect sense,

if you have a story which is A or B: Knox is innocent, Knox is guilty,

to prepare two stories in advance so you can be first to the story.

Google also cares about volume.

The more new stories that your news organization puts out there

the higher you will come in the rankings.

Which means that journalists around the world

find themselves having to write more and more stories

with fewer and fewer resources and less and less time.

It's a recipe for disaster.

There is less time for original reporting.

Less time for research, less time for both sides of the story.

Less time for journalism.

It doesn't make any sense at all to commission a 4,000 word feature

that takes someone 2 months to write.

You might as well commission a 150 words that took 10 minutes to write.

You'll get the same amount of money for a click on that page.

Virality and clickability make perfect commercial sense,

but they don't build into a journalism which informs and inspires.

The other thing that happens,

when you have a huge amount of space to fill

and not enough resources to fill it,

is that public relations gets involved. PR.

Latest figures from the Pew Research Center in the US

show that there is 4.6 PR executives for every single journalist in the States.

That's an increase from 3.2 to 1 just 10 years ago.

But as we all know, PR is not a good news source.

All PR has an agenda, and it's not the impartial telling of the truth.

Here is a great story: "Livr. A social network only for drunk people."

(Laughter)

This is a story which was widely reported in March of this year.

It was about a new social media experience: Livr.

How it worked is this:

You downloaded the app to your smartphone.

You plugged in a portable breathalizer. You blew into the breathalizer.

(Laughter)

If you were drunk enough,

if you had a sufficiently high blood alcohol level

you gained access to the app.

(Laughter) (Applause)

Once you were inside, you could geolocate

and see where all the drunk people near you were.

(Laughter)

There was a special function,

so you could drunk dial a random intoxicated stranger.

And if you woke up the next morning feeling dreadful about all the things

you've done on Livr, you could push the blackout button,

and it would erase every digital memory of what you had done.

(Laughter)

The news was widely reported.

It was, I think almost everybody

in this hall has immediately spotted, a hoax.

Two people had invented the idea

just to see how permeable the news media is.

How easy it is to slip a story in when you send a press release.

But it is not just ideas for stories that get slipped in.

Sometimes it's whole stories themselves.

The practice of copying and pasting press releases, is called "churnalism".

In 2011 the Media Standard Trust set up a website: churnalism.com

You can go there, you can paste in a news story and you can see

how much of it is taken directly or in part from a press release.

And when they ran the numbers on stories produced in the UK, it was very scary.

As much as 54% of all news content generated in the UK

comes either in whole or in part from press releases.

But it's not just PR that rushes in, it's also speculation.

If you've got a huge amount of space to fill, limitless space to fill,

and fewer and fewer resources to do it, you just start speculating.

We saw it most recently with Malaysian airline flight MH370.

3 or 4 days of blanket coverage, and no facts, and it didn't stop anybody.

That story is now largely forgotten.

And here is another story, that is largely being forgotten:

"Turkey coal mine disaster: Desperate search at Soma pit".

This refers to the explosion that tore through a coal mine

in Soma, Western Turkey, in 13th of May this year.

There was blanket coverage.

The worlds media descended on this town.

After 3-4 days, minute by minute in real time,

you could find out what was happening.

And then the agenda moved on, as it always does.

To ISIS, to the Ukraine, to a coup in Thailand.

And the story was forgotten.

And I don't know about you, but I often find myself thinking:

Whatever happened to the miners of Soma?

What happened to the survivors of the MV Sewol in Korea?

What happened to the kidnapped schoolgirls of Nigeria?

Here is a story, which hasn't been forgotten:

"Nixon Resigns".

Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein spent 2 laborious years,

pursuing the Watergate investigation.

It was an iconic investigation, which culminated in the indictment

of 40 US Government Officials, the resignation of a President,

the shocking of a nation,

and the setting of a high watermark for investigative journalism.

Woodward and Bernstein came up against many objections

and many obstacles along the way.

But their newspaper, the Washington Post, thought the investigation was important,

and it supported them.

In today's era of super speedy news production,

immediate reaction, limited budgets,

who's going to back this sort of investigation in the future?

Which journalist is going to be given the time,

and the space to work on a story so complex and so difficult?

And if we are not going to get stories like this anymore,

what is the future for news journalism?

Here is another headline, and a little bit of text:

"Earthquake: 3.7 quake strikes near Piru, California.

A shallow magnitude 3.7 earthquake

was reported Sunday evening 7 miles from Piru,

according to the US Geological Survey.

The tremor occurred at 9:18 pm PST at a depth of 8.7 miles."

There's something very strange about this story.

I'll give you a clue.

It was written in less than a second.

It wasn't made by an extremely efficient journalist.

It was written by a robot, or rather an algorithm.

The LA Times uses a piece of software called "Quakebot".

As soon as the US Geological Survey says there is some sort of activity,

it feeds it directly into a template,

and within 3 minutes of an earthquake starting,

there can be a full story about it online.

This sort of thing is happening more and more.

Associated Press is going to start using software called "Wordsmith"

to automatically produce 4.000 quarterly financial reports.

Now if you are an optimist, you might say:

"Brilliant. Journalists will be freed from the menial task of reporting.

They'll be given time and space

to go and find real stories and get stuck into them".

If you are pessimist, you might say: