Name: 講義-1 基礎エレクトロニクス入門 (Lecture - 1 Introduction to Basic Electronics)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T05:27:54.000Z
Duration: 56 min 23 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

様態の副詞

Hello everybody! We are now going to start a course on basics electronics. It is essentially

a laboratory course. We are living in an age of information technology. Electronics is

at the very foundation of information and computer age which we are living now presently.

The giant strides that we have made in the areas of communications and computers are

possible only because of the great successes that we have achieved in the field of electronics.

It is some times unbelievable how many electronics gadgets that we carry theses days in our person

for example digital wrist watch, calculator, cell phone, digital diary or a PDA, digital

The different types of electronic equipments that have invaded our offices and homes theses

days are also mind boggling. Many things we use at home, offices are remote controlled.

For example television, air conditioners, audio equipment, telephone, we use a cordless

It is almost close to magic how even a small child now-a-days can switch channels or increase

or decrease the volume of sound in a TV at home by just clicking on a few buttons at

the comfort of a sofa away from the television apparently without any physical wiring or

Again we are astonished how we are able to talk to our near and dear living several thousands

of kilometers away from wherever we are at home, office, on the road in a car or in a

class room by just clicking on a few numbers on our palm sized cellular phones. Electronics

has thus made deep impact in several vital areas such as health care, medical diagnosis

and treatment, air and space travels and automobile. In short the technological developments of

several countries of the globe are directly related to their strengths in electronic design,

manufacture products and services related to electronics.

It appears as though that we have to add inevitably an "E" to the three "R's" that we

normally specify to declare a man and woman literate. That is the three R's are reading,

writing and arithmetic. Needless to add that the E I was referring to here means "Electronics".

So apart from reading, writing and arithmetic one should also have basic knowledge of E,

or electronics. Thus electronics has become surely a basic science and it is no more an

Just as we teach physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics in our schools it is time

we start teaching our children at school electronics as a separate subject by itself. This brings

us face to face an important question how to teach the basic concepts of such an important

subject like electronics in a most efficient and effective manor. If one wants to gain

a good grip and understanding of electronics he or she should build circuits and test them

For this one should acquire a practical knowledge of the characteristics of different devices

and in constructing the various circuits let as try to learn such skills by the proven

scheme of "learning by doing".What is this? An old Chinese proverb says I read -- I

forget; I see-I remember; I do-I understand. So if you need to understand and apply whatever

knowledge you acquire then it has to be by the method of doing rather than reading or

seeing. There is only way to learn to do anything; that is just do it. That is the way we all

have learnt as a child even to talk, to walk, to ride a cycle or whatever.

Many arts and special skills like dancing, singing, swimming and martial arts are all

learnt by going to an expert or a teacher who makes us learn by doing rather than by

listening to lectures or reading books. But why "learning by doing" is so important?

It is very simple. The reason is while doing we are given an opportunity to fail. So failures

are very important in the learning process. Nobody wants fail and if one fails, one starts

wondering as to what went wrong. Thus at the point of failure there is a profound learning

taking place. That is why people say failures are stepping stones to success.

Before we go into the subject of electronics it will be nice to look at some of the historical

background of electronics. I will just mention to you few landmarks in the history of electronics.

The invention of vacuum tubes or the thermionic valve brought in the age of electronics long

time back. Many new and exciting applications were found for theses devices. Many great

names like Edison, Marconi, Ambrose Fleming, De Forest, etc., are associated with electronics.

As a mater of fact the transition from the diode to the triode which has got three electrodes

was brought about by engineer suggestion by deforest. He suggested that we can introduce

a third electrode in the vacuum tube diode to make it into a triode and that really brought

about a major change and development in the area of electronics. You can see some examples

These are different types of vacuum tube used in those days for amplification purposes and

things like that. You can see they have a filament, which is a thermionic filament.

When I pass a current through that thermionic electrons are develop which are collected

by an electrode, called the plate and you have another electrode the third electrode

which is the control grid which is in between these two electrodes and any voltage impinched

on them will alter the flow of electrons between the two main electrodes- the cathode and the

anode. So that is responsible for the amplification and such things. After the war in 1948, the

transistors were invented in the Bell laboratories in the USA by the three great people Bardeen,

Bratain and Shockely and that brought in much greater miniaturization and applications in

the area of radio electronics and things like that.

On the screen you can see some of the examples of transistors, different types of transistor

are shown in the photographs and the major development in electronics came up with the

introduction of integrated circuits. This invention is one of the major developments

Here transistor have become already common place in everything from radios to phones

to computer and therefore the manufactures wanted some thing even better, some thing

which is much smaller and much more powerful. Two people are associated with invention of

integrated circuits. They are Jack Kilby of Texas instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild

semiconductors and Jack Kilby were awarded the noble prize in 2000 for his development

of integrated circuit. Robert Noyce was no more at that time and therefore Jack Kilby

alone was given for the partial development of the integrated circuit ideas.

Integrated circuits can be now found in almost every modern electrical device such as computers,

cars, television sets, CD players, cellular phones, etc. I will show you some photographs

of that. The basic idea here is the semiconductors are used for preparing the transistors. But

other devices like the resistors and capacitors have to be independently made by discrete

methods. It was the idea of Jack Kilby and Noyce whether the same semiconductors can

be used to also prepare diodes, resistors and capacitors.

Resistors can easily be developed by doping the semiconductor suitably and the capacitors

can be developed by using a p-n junction diode in a reverse bios mode and therefore diodes

can be made; resistors can be made; capacitors can be made out of semiconductor therefore

Jack Kilby and others started to make the whole circuit, which involves different devices,

completely using semiconductors. That is how the whole idea of integrated circuits came.

You integrate the different components like transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors

all made of basic semiconductor material on the same substrate. The bulk resistivity of

the semiconductor and its diffusion doped layers could be exploited for fabricating

resistors, p-n junctions, diode, etc., and that I already mentioned. So this is one of

the fast integrated circuit idea which was implemented by Jack Kilby in his lab. You

can see that it is very crude and it has got no resemblance to the modern, well refined,

design of integrated circuit which I will show you in the next graph.

One of the integrated circuits with its memory chip is shown here and the other picture here

shows different integrated circuits. They have different packages. In all of these you

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講義-1 基礎エレクトロニクス入門 (Lecture - 1 Introduction to Basic Electronics)

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