we almost completed the discussion on the DC motors towards the end of the session.

We just very briefly discussed on how we go about performing the dynamic model of the

DC motor. In this session we shall carry that through that is make a dynamic model of the

DC motor which will complete our discussion on the DC motor and then we shall take up

a new topic and that is on 3 phase systems.

So first, the DC motor. So we have been studying quite at length about the DC motor. Now you

are familiar with symbology; now we have the armature and to the armature is attached the

brushes through the commutator and we have two non-idealities in the dynamic case: one

is R a and the other is L a; R a is the winding equal and winding resistance of the armature,

L a is the equivalent inductive reactants of the armature.

Now this is the DC motor which has a mechanical shaft and we said that in the case of the

motor the energy is moving from the electrical domain to the mechanical domain and the mechanical

loading gets reflected on the electrical domain as back emf across the brushes.

Now we apply a voltage E a and there is a armature current I a which is flowing through

it, this is R a and L a and then in the mechanical domain we have a torque T g which is getting

generated and because of the torque T g there is a speed angular speed of rotation omega

in radians per second or in rpm which gets generated. Now this is on the mechanical domain.

Now this mechanical domain also contains its own load or the reflected inertia J which

is like the mass of a vehicle or the mass of the load or the mass of a very big wheel

which has an inertia to it and then when it is rotating it gets stored in the kinetic

form and that is called the inertial energy which is stored by virtue of an object being

in motion which we know that it is stored in the kinetic energy form and therefore J

or the inertial parameter is similar to L by inductive parameter and therefore the state

variable in the case of the mechanical domain which is involved with the parameter J would

be omega this speed. There could also be at the bearing some friction associated and we

will call it as friction B.

Now there is this is the electrical domain and this on the right side we have the mechanical

domain, the link between the electrical and magnetic domain is the motor. There is a back

emf we said and this back emf can be expressed in terms of the mechanical domain parameter

or mechanical domain state variable and that is k phi omega we saw this in our earlier

discussion and that is equal to the back emf. The torque component here the torque that

is generated can be related to the state variable on the electrical side by the same k what

we have written phi i a.

Now as we are doing a dynamic model we do not want to take the rms values, let us take

the instantaneous values. So therefore I will replace these by the instantaneous values.

So we have e a we have i a and E b so this is the relationship. Now we can apply the

Kirchoff's voltage law to the electrical domain here. You see that the applied voltage is

e a, there is a voltage drop r a there will be a drop across the ℓ a inductor and then

of course there is a drop that gets developed across the brushes because of the rotation

of the armature that is the generated emf or the back emf and that is called e b. Therefore

we have we can apply the Kirchoff's voltage law in this area in this electrical area.

Likewise, on the mechanical area the mechanical side also; one can apply equivalent to the

Kirchoff's voltage law the potentials or the potential variable being torque. The speed

is common; like the current being common in the electrical circuit the speed is common

to all the things connected to the shaft of the armature. the sum of the potentials which

means in this case the torque should be equal to zero like the Kirchoff's voltage law.

So, generated the generated torque is T g should supply J d omega by dt and also d omega

and if there is any other load torque that component also. So we are applying the Kirchoff's

voltage law on both the electrical domain and the mechanical domain with the state variables

which are the state variables; on the electrical domain we have one dynamic element L a with

associated state variable i a and then we have J as another dynamic variable in the

mechanical domain which is the reflected inertia and then the associated state variable omega.

So we have two state variables at this point.

Now there is one more issue and that is phi. how are we generating phi; because the excitation,

the field is being generated differently with respect to different topologies of the motor

as we saw; in the case of the shunt motor, the series motor, the compound motor the phi

is being generated separately so which means as far as this motor is concerned there is

one more input which is phi that we need to take care.

So first let us consider the case of the shunt motor where phi is a constant or a separately

excited motor where phi is a constant, we are not touching phi. So under that condition

we can now write the equations. Now the electrical domain side first so we have L a dia by dt

so the voltage across that is e a minus R a e a minus i a R a minus e b. but e b can

be expressed in terms of the state variable which is given by k phi omega so which is

e a minus k minus i a R a minus k phi omega. So, for the moment we are considered considering

phi as a constant that is this.

Let us take this, copy, we go the next page, paste.

So now on the mechanical side there is a generated torque T g. Now this is going to supply the

inertial component d omega by dt which is similar to L di by dt plus i r a equivalent

to the resistive drop B omega in the mechanical domain.

Now plus any other load torque, any other load torque which may be applied to the mechanical

shaft, all these should be generated by T g. So J d omega by dt will be equal to T g.

Now T g can be expressed as k phi i a in terms of the state variables k phi i a minus B omega

minus T load. So, as a mechanical input to the system there is T load and as the electrical

input to the system we have e a.

So combining these two we have dia by dt equals............. look at this e a by L a R a by L a into i

a and k phi by L a into omega. So I will rewrite it as minus R a by L a into i a minus k phi

by L a into omega plus 1 by L a into e a so this is one equation. Then we have d omega

by dt which is the mechanical equation so we have for the state variable i a k phi by

J k phi by J into i a minus B by J into omega minus 1 by J into T load. This is the second

equation.

This equation has been rewritten this one. These two equations completely define the

dynamics of the motor. Now if it is a separately excited motor or a shunt motor where we can

assume phi to be a constant where we can assume phi to be a constant then we can write it

in the standard form of i a dot d phi by dt omega dot d omega by dt which is equal to

minus R a by L a minus k by L a k by J k phi by J this is and minus B by J; i a and omega

being the state variables in the state vector plus 1 by L a minus 1 by J sorry 0 and minus

1 by J and then we have two inputs e a and T load. So this is of the form x dot is equal

to A x plus B u the standard form.

Now if phi is not a shunt but let us say a series motor in that case phi itself is a

function of i a so which means here phi becomes proportional to i a which results in.........

let us say this becomes now k 1 i a k 1 i a so we do not..... because there is now straight

multiplication i a into omega i a into i a this is i a square this is a nonlinear system

therefore we do not put it in the standard matrix form we just leave it as differential

equation system so that would be become a nonlinear system but still that would give

you the entire dynamic model of the DC motor system.

So the phi should automa should appropriately be modified whether it is a constant or whether

it is a now a function of i a or so or any other variable that should automatically be

put in the........ and that will give you the complete dynamic model of the DC motor

in the form or differential equation form.

So we thought we conclude our discussion on DC motors, the DC generators and DC motors

are a class by themselves, they both are similar machines, similar in structure but the only

difference being that in the case of the DC generator the energy is being input on the

mechanical domain, you are taking out the energy in the electrical domain and therefore

from the electrical domain point of view it is a generator. And in the case of the DC

motor you are applying the energy input in the electrical domain and taking out the energy

in the mechanical domain.

But constructionally both the machines are very similar and a DC generator can be operated

as a DC motor and DC motor as a DC generator and vice versa.

Internally inside the machine inside the armature the currents that are flowing in the coil

are always AC but only by means of the device called the commutator which we have discussed

and the brush combination external to the motor in the electrical circuit or external

to the generator in the electrical circuit the signals are DC otherwise within the motor

it is always an AC signal.

Now the mot the idea the concept of energy being passed through many domains is the underlying principle in which most

of the machines in most of the applications applications are being used by many of the

applications for example the induction motor induction motor or in the case of the alternators

for generators or a combination of all these domains. And most of the in the electrical

technology the central what we call the central concept or the central theme is some prime

mover, propulsion, movement on the mechanical domain and the electrical domain is just the

currents and the potentials. The core of the transformation of the energy from one domain

to the other is always most of the cases in these set of equipments being done in the

magnetic domain. So the central..... what we call them is generally a magnetic domain

in most of our electro electrical technology applications magnetic domain. So you could

get power or energy input from the electrical domain, take out power in electrical domain,

you could take out the power in mechanical domain or you can put energy into the magnetic

domain from the mechanical domain and take out power into the electrical domain all these

are possible.

So the central mechanism which makes possible the conversion between many of these domains

is the magnetic domain in the case of most of the electrical equipments and all the all

these area including the interfaces between the electrical magnetic and within the magnetic

they are always AC and in many applications it is not single phase AC it is 3 phase AC.

So before we try to understand and learn about the equipments electrical equipments which

fall into these categories like the induction motor, the synchronous motor and generators,

3 phase transformers they all form into the fall into the category of this multi-domain

principle. In the case of 3 phase transformers of course this domain is not there, there

is only that is the mechanical domain is not there, there is only electrical transformation

between electrical and the magnetic domains.

In the case of the induction motor with shorted rotors we do not have you have only one electrical

domain which is inputting and this other electrical domain is not there and you have the mechanical

domain. In case of the wound rotor where you have the rotor windings not shorted but taken

out to a resist to resistor to a set of resistors then you have the input electrical domain

or output electrical domain, you also have the mechanical domain so on and so forth.

So like that you can have many combinations but all falling into this class of this type

of concept.

So, before we go further at all into the understanding of these equipments like induction motors,

3 phase transformers, synchronous motors, synchronous generators we should have a good

understanding of the 3 phase system and what is this 3 phase systems.

So the major part of this session is going to now deal with 3 phase systems. This is

also written as 3 phi for 3 phase system. So in the literature you will see that phi

being used for the term phase. So now what is this 3 phase system, how does it look like

and what is its character and what is its what are its features.

Now let me take a source a sinusoidal voltage source let me arrange it in this fashion.

So let me say that this source is connected to resistive load, let me connect it to a

resistive load as shown like this.

So this resistive load R is connected across this source which has two terminals here and

let me name that terminal a and let me name this terminal as n 1 and the voltage across

these two e a n 1. So this is the voltage and there is going to be a current through

this one and we will call that one as i a.

Now I will put one more source one more source and let me connect it in this fashion; electrically

they do not have anything in common except that I am putting one within the other and

that is also having the same resistor R and let me call those terminals as b and n 2 and

this is e bn2 which also has a potential like that and it has a current i b which takes

this path along this resistor to end to back again to the other terminal of the source;

that is also an AC source.

Now I put one more the third so I have one more source which is going to also be supplying

a load resistance R and that is also not going to be electrically connected to the other

two sources and it has two terminals which I am going to name it as c and n 3 and the

voltage source itself is named between the terminals given the terminals names e c n

3 and there is going to be a voltage and a current i c.

So you see there are three sources they are not at all linked electrically, they are absolutely

independent of each other each of them supplying their own loads each of them supplying their

own loads.

Now suppose let us apply some constraints. So what are the constrains? Let us make the

amplitudes of the voltages same for all the three. So what is the first constraint; we

make we make not the instantaneous mind you, we are making the peak amplitudes peak amplitudes

or peak values or the sign waves of each of these AC sources sinusoidal sources same for

all three that is e an1 this is n 1 e an1 peak will be equal to e bn2 peak will be equal to e cn3 peak

the peak values of all the three sinusoids will be the same that is the first constraint.

And then, of course we have made R the impedances of all the three resistive and all the three

are same, the loads that all the three see are the same.

Now we apply the second constraint. Each of the sources have a phase shift with respect

to other of 120 degrees phase shift with respect to each other. Each of these sinusoidal sources has a phase shift

of 120 degrees with respect to each other that is the second and the most important

constraint that we are going to apply.

So, if such a thing is applied what happens to the phaser diagram?

You see; now let me have E an1 rms value of the E an1 source is being taken as the reference. Now let another voltage

and let me call it let us say E bn2 lag E an1; note that the rms amplitude is the same