Now, you're shot in the leg with a bullet, which severs your femoral artery.

自分が戦場をかける 兵士だと

Now, this bleed is extremely traumatic and can kill you in less than three minutes.

想像してください

Unfortunately, by the time that a medic actually gets to you,

脚を撃たれてしまい

what the medic has on his or her belt can take five minutes or more,

大腿動脈が切れたとします

with the application of pressure, to stop that type of bleed.

大量に出血し

Now, this problem is not only a huge problem for the military,

ものの３分で 絶命する危険があります

but it's also a huge problem that's epidemic throughout the entire medical field,

たとえ衛生兵が

which is how do we actually look at wounds and how do we stop them quickly in a way that can work with the body?

駆けつけてくれたとしても

So now, what I've been working on for the last four years is to develop smart biomaterials,

彼らの持つ止血帯で

which are actually materials that will work with the body, helping it to heal

圧迫して止血する方法だと

and helping it to allow the wounds to heal normally.

血が止まるまでに ５分以上かかるかもしれません

So now, before we do this, we have to take a much closer look at actually how does the body work.

これは戦場でだけの 問題ではなく

So now, everybody here knows that the body is made up of cells.

医療分野全体で

So the cell is the most basic unit of life. But not many people know what else.

よく直面する 重要な問題です

But it actually turns out that your cells sit in this mesh of complicated fibers,

傷を見て

proteins and sugars known as the extracellular matrix.

体に合った方法で

So now, the ECM is actually this mesh that holds the cells in place,

いかに素早く血を止めるか？

provides structure for your tissues, but it also gives the cells a home.

この４年間 私が 取り組んできたのは

It allows them to feel what they're doing, where they are,

ハイテクな 生体適合物質を開発し

and tells them how to act and how to behave.

体に働きかけて

And it actually turns out that the extracellular matrix is different from every single part of the body.

傷の自然な治癒を

So the ECM in my skin is different than the ECM in my liver,

助けるということです

and the ECM in different parts of the same organ actually vary,

そのことについて 説明する前に

so it's very difficult to be able to have a product that will react to the local extracellular matrix,

体がどう機能するのか 見てみましょう

which is exactly what we're trying to do.

体が細胞で できているのは

So now, for example, think of the rainforest.

皆さん ご存じですね

You have the canopy, you have the understory, and you have the forest floor.

細胞は生物を構成する 最も基本的な要素ですが

Now, all of these parts of the forest are made up of different plants,

それ以上のことを知っている人は あまりいません

and different animals call them home.

細胞というのは

So just like that, the extracellular matrix is incredibly diverse in three dimensions.

細胞外マトリックス(ECM)と呼ばれる

On top of that, the extracellular matrix is responsible for all wound healing,

線維や タンパク質や 糖からなる

so if you imagine cutting the body, you actually have to rebuild this very complex ECM

複雑な編み目の中に 埋め込まれています

in order to get it to form again,

ECMは

and a scar, in fact, is actually poorly formed extracellular matrix.

細胞を支えて

So now, behind me is an animation of the extracellular matrix.

組織に構造を 与えると同時に

So as you see, your cells sit in this complicated mesh

個々の細胞にとっての 棲み家として

and as you move throughout the tissue, the extracellular matrix changes.

細胞が何をし どこにいて

So now every other piece of technology on the market

どう振る舞うべきかを

can only manage a two- dimensional approximation of the extracellular matrix,

分かるようにしています

which means that it doesn't fit in with the tissue itself.

ECMは体の部位ごとに

So when I was a freshman at NYU, what I discovered was

異なっています

you could actually take small pieces of plant-derived polymers and reassemble them onto the wound.

皮膚のECMは

So if you have a bleeding wound like the one behind me, you can actually put our material onto this,

肝臓のECMとは異なるし

and just like Lego blocks, it'll reassemble into the local tissue.

同じ臓器の中でも 場所によってECMは異なります

So that means if you put it onto liver, it turns into something that looks like liver,

そのためECMと反応する

and if you put it onto skin, it turns into something that looks just like skin.

医薬品を作るのは

So when you put the gel on, it actually reassembles into this local tissue.

とても難しく

So now, this has a whole bunch of applications,

それが私の 取り組んでいることです

but basically the idea is, wherever you put this product, you're able to reassemble into it immediately.

熱帯雨林を例に 考えてみましょう

Now, this is a simulated arterial bleed — blood warning — at twice human artery pressure.

森には林冠があり 低木層があり

So now, this type of bleed is incredibly traumatic, and like I said before,

林床があります

would actually take five minutes or more with pressure to be able to stop.

森のそれぞれの部位は

Now, in the time that it takes me to introduce the bleed itself, our material is able to stop that bleed,

異なる植物で構成され

and it's because it actually goes on and works with the body to heal,

異なる種類の動物が 棲み家としています

so it reassembles into this piece of meat,

それと同様に ECMもまた

and then the blood actually recognizes that that's happening,

３次元的な 多様性を持っています

and produces fibrin, producing a very fast clot in less than 10 seconds.

それに加え ECMは

So now this technology — Thank you.

あらゆる傷を治す 役割を担っています

So now this technology, by January, will be in the hands of veterinarians,

体をどこか切った場合

and we're working very diligently to try to get it into the hands of doctors, hopefully within the next year.

この複雑なECMを

But really, once again, I want you guys to imagine that you are a soldier running through a battlefield.

再び形成する

Now, you get hit in the leg with a bullet, and instead of bleeding out in three minutes,

必要があります

you pull a small pack of gel out of your belt, and with the press of a button,

傷痕というのは

you're able to stop your own bleed and you're on your way to recovery.

お粗末に形成された ECMなのです

Thank you very much.

今映っているのは