as much as we want, anytime we want.

いつでも 欲しい時に

It's easy to forget that the quest for this

忘れがちですが これは大変な苦労の賜物

has been one of the defining struggles of human history.

水を制した文明は栄え ―

Civilizations that harnessed water, thrived.

失敗すると滅びました

The ones that failed... fell.

現在 人類の７割が ―

Today, seven in ten people on Earth

家で水道を使えます

can count on having running water in their homes.

水は川から主管に流れ ―

[man] The water flows from the risers to connecting mains,

排水管で各建物に 届けられます

and finally through service connections into each building on the street.

でも実態は…

[narrator] At least, so they think.

ケープタウンで 水がなくなるかも

Cape Town. It could become the first major city in the world

ケープタウンでは 水道水の枯渇デイ･ゼロが間近です

to run out of water.

あと92日で水道水の 供給が止まるかも

Cape Town, South Africa, is inching closer now to Day Zero.

原因は干ばつです

Just 92 days away from having to shut off most water taps

ケープタウンは 大都市で初めて ―

because of a severe drought.

水道供給の停止を計画

[narrator] Cape Town is the first major city in the world

400万人の人が 水の配給を受けるために ―

to plan to indefinitely shut off its water supply.

長い列に並ぶことになります

Four million people would stop getting running water.

他にも ―

They'd get water rations,

サンパウロ メルボルン ジャカルタ ロンドン

and they'd need to line up at city water stations to get it.

北京 イスタンブール 東京 バンガロール

And it's not just Cape Town.

バルセロナ メキシコシティで ―

São Paulo, Melbourne, Jakarta, London,

約20年で 水が枯渇すると予想され ―

Beijing, Istanbul, Tokyo, Bangalore,

根本的な変革が必要です

Barcelona and Mexico City

アミナ･モハメッド 国連事務副総長

will all face their own Day Zero in the next few decades,

水道のおかげで 多くの人が―

unless their water use radically changes.

水は無限に使えると 思いがち

There are perceptions that it is there in bountiful amounts

それが問題です

and everyone has access to it because you can turn a tap,

実際は 2040年までに 世界の大部分が水不足に

and that's a big problem.

世界的危機であり 深刻化している

[narrator] In fact, by 2040

ベッツィ･オットー 水資源専門家 今すでに 分岐点に来ていて―

most of the world won't have enough water to meet demand year-round.

放っておけば 手に負えなくなる

We're facing a global water crisis and it's getting worse.

水に代替品はなく枯渇すれば 人は数日で死にます

We're at a real inflection point where, if we're not careful,

なぜ こんな事態に なったのでしょう？

we may actually get out ahead of our ability to manage it.

世界はどうなって いくのでしょうか？

[narrator] There's no substitute for water.

水道が自然を制しました

Each of us will die in just a few days without it.

一部の投資家にとって―

How have we built a world

これは黄金の液体です

where we don't have enough of its most valuable resource?

今すぐ 汚染を止めろ

And as this crisis grows,

水は今や商品となり 新たな価値がつく

what will the new world look like?

水を空気のように 自明と思っていいのか？

[man] Waterways, built by the people

世界の水危機

to free the land of the tyranny of nature.

青い惑星 地球

For some investors, what they see in this glass

水はふんだんにあります その量は3.26億兆ガロン

is liquid gold.

過去も未来もずっと

Clean water. Now.

氷や水蒸気になっても 地球上に存在します

[crowd chants]

地球上のすべての水のうち ―

-[in Spanish] In defense of water. -[man 2] Water becomes a commodity.

97％は海水で ２％は南極と北極の氷

It takes on new value.

つまり人類が使えるのは 残りの１％だけ

People claim it, haul it, treasure it.

水不足の話で 焦点になるのは―

[man 3] Dare we take our water supply for granted as we do the air we breathe?

その１％の水が 使えるかっていうこと

[narrator] Earth is the blue planet.

答えは場所によります

There's no shortage of water. We have 326 million trillion gallons of it.

クエートは 水が最も少ない国の一つ

Always have, always will.

最も豊富な国の一つ カナダには ―

Water may freeze into ice or evaporate into air,

なんと その１万倍の 水があります

but it doesn't leave our planet.

もう一つ大事なのは ―

If you sucked up all the water on Earth, it would fit into this sphere.

液状の淡水１％

But 97% of it is salty and 2% is trapped in ice at the poles,

地下にあり 汲み上げが困難なことです

so all of humankind relies on just 1% of that water to survive.

そのため人類の大半は 水や湖のそばに住むように

When people talk about running out of water,

人口の約９割が 淡水から 10キロ以内に住んでいます

what they really mean is,

アステカ人が湖のそばに 定住しメキシコシティに

do they have access to that very small percentage?

これは その頃の 運河の名残です

[narrator] And the answer depends a lot on where you live.

16世紀に スペイン人が上陸し ―

Kuwait is one of the poorest countries in terms of water per capita,

水に浮かぶ街の 魔法のような景色に ―

and Canada, one of the richest, doesn't have twice as much

魅了されました

or even ten times as much. It has 10,000 times as much.

その後スペイン人が 湖を干拓し ―

But it also matters where the water is.

空いた場所に 人が住むように

That 1% of Earth's water that we all rely on,

地表水はメキシコでも ―

most of it is underground and really difficult and expensive to get to,

貴重な資源として 扱われました

so humans have mostly settled close to surface water, like rivers and lakes.

1950年以降 メキシコシティの人口は急増

Around 90% of the world's population

現在では2200万人に

lives less than ten kilometers from a freshwater source.

メキシコシティにとって 最大の危機の一つは―

Hundreds of years ago, when the Aztecs settled on what is now Mexico City,

水問題だ

they saw a giant lake.

ロンドンより 降水量が多いのに ―

These are the last remnants of the canals they made.

今や雨水が集まる 湖がないため ―

When the Spanish came in the 16th century,

洪水が起きます

one soldier marveled at the Aztec city rising from the water

同時に 他の地域から 水を引いたり ―

that seemed like an enchanted vision.

地下水も汲み上げます

But then the Spanish started draining the lake,

地下水の汲み上げ技術は 進歩しました

and over the next few centuries that space was filled by people.

でも問題も

Like in most places, surface water in Mexico

帯水層と呼ばれる この水源は―

was treated as a public resource, key to development.

蓄積に何千年もの時間が かかります

And since 1950, Mexico City's population has exploded.

地下水は定期預金に似てる

It's now home to 22 million people.

本当に必要な時に 利用するものよ

I would say some of the most important threats

ところがメキシコシティは…

for Mexico City are related to water.

水供給の約５割を 帯水層からまかなっている

[narrator] Mexico City gets more rain than notoriously rainy London.

つまり今後30～50年で その５割の水を失う

But the lakes that would have collected that water are long gone,

もう一つの副作用は ―

so the city floods.

土壌の圧縮です

But they still need to pipe in

メキシコシティは 沈みつつあり ―

most of their water from other parts of Mexico.

年間 約23センチ沈む地域も

Or they pump it from underground.

ＮＡＳＡの衛星から インド北部の帯水層が ―

We've gotten a lot better at accessing groundwater.

10年で 29兆ガロン 減ったことがわかります

But there's a catch.

人口増加が その理由

Those water deposits, called aquifers, have accumulated over millennia

水の消費は今世紀で７倍に

and they'll take millennia to fill back up.

川や湖を満たし 農業に 不可欠な雨や雪の量も ―

Groundwater is sort of like the savings account,

より不安定に

which it's fine to draw on sometimes, especially when you have a drought.

気候変動で使える水が減り―

[narrator] That's not what Mexico City's been doing.

世界中で 非常に長い 干ばつが起きている

We take out from the local aquifer around 50% of our water supply.

問題は 人口増加だけではなく ―

That means that probably we'll lose half of our supply of water

使い方にも

in the next 30-50 years.

人が１日に飲む水は 約3.8リットル

[narrator] Sucking up that groundwater has another side effect.

歯磨きや手洗いにも 約3.8リットル

It compresses the soil.

今ので約11リットル

Mexico City is literally sinking.

でも個人の使用は ―

In some places, as much as nine inches a year.

世界の淡水利用の 約８％にすぎません

NASA satellite data shows aquifers in northern India

大部分は農業と工業に 費やされます

decreasing by 29 trillion gallons in just a decade.

コカコーラを作るのに 必要な水の98％は―

There are simply more people on Earth consuming more water.

この瓶には入ってない

This century, water consumption has increased sevenfold.

必要な水の98％は 材料を作るために使われる

And the rain and snow that we count on to water crops and refill lakes and rivers

ビール１杯には 74リットルの水が

is getting less reliable.

コーヒーには130リットル

[Otto] Climate change is making available water much more erratic.

綿のシャツには 2500リットル必要です

We're seeing areas around the world

でも一番 水を使うのは肉

that are experiencing much more extended dry periods.

ウシの飼料にする アルファルファは ―

[narrator] But the problem isn't just that there's more people on Earth using water,

１キロ育てるのに 510リットル必要です

it's how we're using water.

ウシはこれを １日12キロ食べるので ―

Humans need to drink almost a gallon of water per day.

計算すると ―

Brushing your teeth, washing your hands typically uses about a gallon.

ハンバーガー１個で 1650リットルの水が必要に

[flushes]

世界の食文化は米国化し ―

There goes three gallons.

肉の消費量が増えています

But the drinking, washing and toilet flushing

でも完全に米国化するには ―

of every person on Earth only accounts for 8% of our freshwater use each year.

水の量が足りません

Most of the water goes to agriculture and industry,

水は資本主義の原則に 当てはまりません

and into the food and products we use.

農家が払うお金はわずか

Let's take a bottle of Coca-Cola.

水の費用は バーガーには含まれず ―

98% of the water in that bottle

バーガーは 安い価格で売られます

is not what you see in that bottle.

驚きの 99セント

98% of the water is actually embedded in all the ingredients that were grown

たった２ドル 99！

to make that bottle of Coca-Cola.

世界の大部分で ―

[narrator] 74 liters of water goes into every glass of beer.

水の価格は非常に低いため ―

A cup of coffee? 130 liters.

ムダ使いが増えてしまいます

Each of your cotton shirts - 2,500 liters.

南カリフォルニアでは 年間２兆ガロンが ―

But nothing has as much embedded water as meat.

アルファルファ栽培に 使われます

Alfalfa is a common ingredient in cattle feed,

水源はコロラド川

and growing a kilogram of it takes 510 liters of water.

水代は輸送費より安価です

An average cow consumes about 12 kilograms of feed a day.

南アフリカのワイン産業が 使う水のごく一部で ―

Divided up,

ケープタウンの 水道水が 賄まかなえます

just one quarter-pound hamburger takes around 1,650 liters of water to produce.

インドと中国は 水が大量に要る穀物を ―

The world is eating more and more like Americans.

乾燥地帯で育てています

Higher calorie diets with more meat.

水不足が これを変えるかも

But everyone can't eat like Americans.

ゴールドマンサックスは ―

There actually isn't enough water in the world.

“水は21世紀の 石油になる”と予想

Water doesn't abide by some of the basic rules of capitalism.

ヘッジファンド等が 水の買い占めを始め ―

Farmers hardly pay anything for it.

利益目的で利用する懸念も 高まっています 〝次の希少資源で稼ぐには〞

So the true cost of water doesn't end up in the cost of the burger.

〝モハーベ砂漠で 水億万長者になる計画〞 まるで映画「007」の悪役が 現実になったよう

Which is why those fast food places can offer you bargain burgers.

現時点で―

[man 1] How can it be 99 cents?

我々はボリビアの水の 60％を手中に収めている

[man 2] For only 2.99. You heard right: 2.99.

新政府の水道事業を 一手に担うことになる

[narrator] In most places in the world,

でも 価格上昇にはいい面も

water is treated and priced like there will always be enough of it.

水の価格が上がってコストを 気にするようになれば―

So we end up using it in absurdly wasteful ways.

砂漠でアルファルファは 栽培しない

Arid Southern California uses over two trillion gallons of water a year

この点を覚えておいて下さい

to grow alfalfa, which they get from the Colorado River,

乾燥地域で 農業を営んだら―

hundreds of miles away.

赤字になる

The amount they pay for it doesn't even cover the cost of delivery.

おそらく世界の 灌漑かんがい農地の 95％が ―

Just a fraction of the water used by South Africa's wine industry

非効率な灌漑技術の使用を ―

would be enough for Cape Town's taps.

やめるでしょう

India and China both grow their most water-intensive crops

政府も 投資を最大限に 活かすため ―

in some of their driest regions.

水インフラを修繕するはず

But as water gets more scarce, that may change.

現状ではインフラの維持に 必要な―

The bank Goldman Sachs predicted that water would be

投資が有効にできてない

the petroleum of the 21st century.

その結果 排水の途中で 水道の42％が―

And private interests, like hedge funds, have started buying up water,

漏れてしまっている

prompting fears that they'll take advantage of scarcity to turn a profit.

街の存続が危ぶまれる中 ―

And if that sounds like a villain's plot in a James Bond movie,

飲料水の半分が 漏れているのです

that's because it was.

下水と農業 工業の排水は ―

As of this moment,

１日200万トンに上ります

my organization owns more than 60% of Bolivia's water supply.

水がどれほど貴重なものか 価値が全く理解されてない

This contract states that your new government...

なくなって初めて その価値に気づく

will use us as utilities provider.

2017年 メヒカリ市は ―

[narrator] But putting a higher price on water might have benefits.

コンステレーション･ ブランズ社と契約

The benefit of valuing water as we should

人気ビールのメーカーが ―

and sending, you know, a price signal,

醸造所を造ることに

is that we wouldn't be growing alfalfa in the desert.

地域で最大規模の 投資で ―

[narrator] Remember that point. It'll be important later.

750件の雇用が生まれます

We wouldn't be growing crops that don't make sense in really arid places.

市は対価として 大量の水供給を保証

Because the economics of it wouldn't make sense.

でも市の水資源に問題が

[narrator] And 95% of the irrigated farmland in the world

主な供給源のコロラド川は―

probably wouldn't use the most inefficient irrigation method...

ロッキー山脈の 雪解け水が水源です

just flooding the fields.

でも近年 気温の上昇で 降雪が減り水量が低下

And if water had a higher price,

水面の 跡あとからも明らかです

governments might decide it's worth the money

コロラド川は南に流れ ―

to repair our water infrastructure.

デンヴァー ソルトレイクシティ

[Kramer] We are not investing the financial resources needed

ラスベガス フェニックス ＬＡ等を通ります

to make a good maintenance of the system.

そして約600エーカーの 農地も

One critical result of this is that we have 42% of leakages

メリカリ市に着く頃には ―

in the water network.

こんな風に

[narrator] Mexico City, which is facing an existential water crisis,

＜水不足が始まったのは ずっと前だ＞

loses close to half of its drinking water to leaky pipes.

＜醸造所が稼働を 始めたら―＞

We value water so little,

サルヴァドール＆ローラ メナ･ガルシア　農民

we dump two million tons

＜数年で 地下水が尽きる＞

of sewage and agricultural and industrial waste into it every day.

＜一番 損害を受けるのは 農民よ＞

There's no sense of value

＜彼らの年間使用料は ２千万立法メートル＞

to what is really an incredibly invaluable resource in water.

＜例えば エンセナーダ市は―＞

But then when we run out, we find what the cost of water truly is.

＜年間900万立法メートル 使うけど―＞

[yelling]

＜その倍以上だ＞

[speaking Spanish]

＜街１つの倍だよ＞

[narrator] In 2017,

水が希少になるほど 競争が激しくなり ―

the city of Mexicali finalized a deal with Constellation Brands,

勝者と敗者が生まれます

the maker of Modelo and Corona beers,

決めるのは政府

to construct a brewery.

2018年７月 ―

It would be the biggest investment the region had seen in years,

メキシコ政府は法令を発布

creating 750 permanent jobs.

コンステレーション･ ブランズのような企業が ―

And, in exchange, the brewery was guaranteed a lot of water.

水を確保しやすくなりました

But Mexicali doesn't have a lot of water to spare.

＜強盗と同じだ＞

Its main water source is the Colorado River,

＜メキシコ国民と 世界に向けた警告でもある＞

which starts in Colorado, in the U.S.

＜世界中の多くの人が―＞

Fed by melting snow in the Rocky Mountains,

＜企業だけが潤うような 私有化の流れと戦ってる＞

warmer temperatures in recent years have meant less snow,

2018年１月 ―

which means less river.

工事を阻むために 人々が集まりました

You can tell how much less by that big bathtub ring.

＜あの道路に 大勢の警察が―＞

The river flows south, quenching a few American cities along the way,

＜盾を持って集まり 隊列を組んだ＞

like Denver, Salt Lake City,

＜彼女はパイプを持って 向かって行った＞

Las Vegas, Phoenix and Los Angeles.

＜水を守らなきゃ＞

Oh, and almost six million acres of farmland.

＜水がなきゃ生きられない＞

By the time the Colorado River reaches Mexicali,

＜何よりも大切なものよ＞

it looks like this.

水不足が世界中で 暴力的な対立を呼んでいます

[man, in Spanish] It's been a long time since we've had enough water.

私が切迫した状況を 目にしたのは―

If the brewery settles in and starts producing,

ナイジェリアの北東部

in a few years, we'll run out of underground water.

ここ数年で チャド湖が干上がり―

[in Spanish] The farmers are the ones who get the worst of it.

生活ができなくなって 対立が始まった

[in Spanish] They need 20 million cubic meters per year.

政府も制御できないほどに

If we compare that to, say, cities such as Ensenada,

水不足はダルフール紛争の 原因にも