So today we're gonna look at the science of racism, using studies and evidence to see exactly how it impacts individuals, uncover what makes people racist in the first place and understand what we can do to successfully combat it.

差別は心理的な痛みだけでなく、

Right now, every time a resume comes across somebody's desk, the name on it makes a difference.

身体的な痛みも及ぼす場合がある。

After sending out over 1300 fake resumes in response to employment ads, scientists found that resumes with more traditionally sounding black names receive 50% fewer callbacks than those with more white sounding names.

今日のテーマは【人種差別の科学】

Again, these resumes were literally identical except for the names.

人種差別に関する研究や証言を通して、

This shows how one aspect of racism can have a significant impact on opportunities.

そもそも人はどうやって差別的になっていくのか、

Now classism is a huge issue.

そして今出来る差別との戦い方について科学的に見ていこう。

Studies show that if you grow up in poverty, you'll experience more discrimination than people that are wealthier than you.

履歴書が人の目に触れる時、

But even when black and white people grow up in wealthy families and have similar education, even though they start wealthy, black boys are more likely to end up poor.

記入された名前1つで違いが出る。

One of the major factors can start as early as pre school, where teachers are more likely to punish black students over white students for the same behavior.

求人広告に1300人分のニセの履歴書を送ったところ、

Even in adulthood, prison sentences for the same crime are 10% longer for black men, and the use of force is 3.6 times higher.

研究者は黒人っぽい名前で応募した履歴書は、

When studying the existence of racism towards indigenous people in Australia, 45% of indigenous families reported racism.

白人っぽい名前のものと比べて、返信をもらえた数が50％も少なかったことを発見した。

And interestingly, scientists began toe length ease experiences to poor mental health status, sleep difficulties, obesity and even asthma, which brings up an important fact.

でも、この履歴書達はうりふたつだったのです、

Racism can truly be damaging to your health.

名前以外は。

Now racism involves a set of people holding power over other people, and that imbalance in power is what causes stress.

この結果は、1つの差別的側面が、得られる機会に影響していることを表しています。

And again, this could be measured experimentally when Latino students repaired with people they've been told have racial bias against them.

今、分類主義は大きな問題です。

That cardiovascular stress response went up compared to those who a partner with people they told had no bias against them.

貧困層で育った人は、

It all.

裕福に育った人と比べて差別を経験しやすいという研究結果がある。

Another study of Korean immigrants found the discrimination was linked to debilitating mental health effects, and the scientific community is now validating how racism plays a significant role and the formation of health disparities so much that they're now links to breast cancer, hypertension and heart disease.

でも同じように裕福で、

The chronic stress of racism can have people leaning on negative health behaviors like smoking and drinking.

似た教育を受けた黒人と白人がいたとしても、

In fact, the amount of racism that a person experiences in a year is positively correlated to the number of drinks and cigarettes consumed.

黒人の方が将来的に貧しくなる傾向にある。

Of course, you'd expect that if you go to your doctor, your health will be in good hands.

1つの事実として、

But racial biases exist here as well.

保育園のような幼児教育であっても、

Hundreds of medical physicians were asked to look over a case of either black or white patients who likely just suffered a heart attack.

先生は黒人の子供を白人の子より叱る傾向にある。

Those who scored higher on a racial bias tests were less likely to prescribe black patients, a drug that would reduced blood clots and prevent heart attacks.

たとえそれが同じ言動であっても！

In fact, half of white medical students and residents still believe in false biological differences between white and black patients like that, black patients are more pain tolerant than white patients because of less sensitive nerve endings and thicker skin.

大人になってからも同様に

These false beliefs negatively contribute to medical treatment, and doctors with these biases don't outright refused care to black patients, and they probably don't consider themselves racist.

同じ犯罪でも、黒人の方が実刑が10％長く、

Yet these biases persist in society and in institutions, which means that many people still hold these beliefs and values.

暴力を振るわれる確率は3.6倍以上だ。

For example, studies show that most people received the faces of other races to beam or angry thin faces of their own race.

オーストラリアで先住民に対する差別について調査したところ、

Now, these findings make some people uncomfortable because it's hard to look at your own bias and where you sit and perpetuating some of these values and beliefs that don't do the good that we think we're doing now.

45％の先住民家族が差別を経験したと回答した。

The good news is there's a lot that we can do to combat racism and unlearning our own biases.

そして興味深いことに、

Right now, the thing is, we're not born racist.

このような差別的経験は、

We learned biases from our environment and how we are raised when Children are adopted before the age of eight by someone of a different race.

精神の落ち込み・睡眠妨害・肥満・喘息といった病をまねいた

They actually developed the same facial recognition patterns of their adoptive parents rather than their own race.

つまり、差別は健康に直結することが明らかになったのです。

It shows that our ability to quickly judge of the races is learned from our parents or our environment.

現代社会の中で、差別は権力を持つ人とそうでない人とを隔て、

This is why talking about racism and anti racism, it's so important if you do hold racial bias.

その力のバランスの差がストレスを生むのです。

The important thing to know is that you can change your brain a study of brain scans showed that a specific brain wave pattern occurred and those of racial bias when they saw a face that they perceived as threatening.

このこともまた、実験で証明が出来ます。

But immediately after a brainwave from the rational part of the brain, the prefrontal cortex came in and challenge that initial brainwave.

ラテン系の学生が、

Our brains and the neurons inside them are constantly rewiring.

ラテン系に対しての偏見について聞かされた生徒とペアワークをした際、

This means that you can literally retrain your brain and combat racist thoughts.

そうでない生徒とペアを組んだ場合と比べて、

And here's an example of how a study found racial bias lessened after subliminal exposure to counter stereotypes.

心血管系ストレスの度合いが上がったという結果が出た。

Participants were showing faces of popular celebrities of diverse races, including Beyonce, and this kind of prime ing led to decrease bias within seconds to minutes.

また別の研究で、韓国からの移民に、

This emphasizes the scientific importance of representation in media.

差別が衰弱させるメンタルヘルスに関連していることを発見しました。

This might seem a little obvious, but people who spend more time with different races and different backgrounds show less bias.

科学コミュニティにおける影響は、

This is called contact theory, where intergroup contact reduces intergroup prejudice.

人種差別が健康格差の形成において、いかに重要な役割を果たすかを検証しています。

It's why something like segregation increases racist behaviors and ideas, and finally, ideas and even science flourishes when diverse people work together.

多くの人が、

A study that analyzed the last names of 2.5 million research papers as a proxy for ethnicity found that when authors work with people of different races and backgrounds, their work received 10% more citations and prestige.

肺がん・高血圧・心臓量と言った病に影響しているのです、

These air scientifically based studies that we use those examples of how to combat racism.

人種差別による慢性的なストレスは、

The most important thing is to be aware, aware that racism exists, aware that it is damaging and aware that it is up to you to combat it altogether.

喫煙や飲酒と言ったネガティブな生活習慣に陥らせます。